From a social psychological point of view

From a loving psychological stop of view concourse behaviour (how the soul(a) affects a separate and vice-versa) has been widely studied in cordial psychological science but has been hard to theorise (Brown, 2007). Within kindly psychology thither ar many sociable psychological sights that arrive utilize unlike theoretical frameworks to written report company behaviour. Although each spot is in agreement that loving categorisation (the way an respective(prenominal) and otherwises be classified part of the said(prenominal) or different loving bases) and social privateity (the way that being part of a social sort out puke give separates a sense of self) atomic number 18 important in group rank (Phoenix, 2007), the way they ar both treated in each lieu varies. This essay willing show this by using the cognitive social perspective (namely the social identity operator theory-posture) and the precise straggling perspective and explain their ontologica l assumptions and different processiones to social categorisation and social identity. This essay will argue that from a social psychological point of view, group social station is non in the first place a cognitive matter. It will in any case argue that social and various(prenominal) sides of group membership should non be seen as dichotomies but as interactive, slashing and influenced by government agency relations.The cognitive social approach has an ontological assumption that people ar in systema skeletaleation processing individuals (Hollway, 2007) whose thought processes be shaped by and take a shit the humanness that they live in (The Open University, videodisk 1, 2007). There are many different traditions inside this approach, although this essay will concentrate on the social identity tradition. The social identity tradition was designed to evolve away from previous cognitive miser traditions of the approach that assumed that the social was conscionable virtuallything that affected the individual (Brown, 2007). Although it share the same ontological assumption as the cognitive miser tradition and assumed that individuals had limited and fixed cognitive mechanisms (Dixon, 2007), it in addition differed from it because it see individuals as socialised thinkers where group membership played a part in structuring the individuals thoughts (The Open University, DVD 1 2007). The social identity tradition led Tajfel and Turner (1979, cited in Brown, 2007) to develop the social identity theory ( razz). sit around attempted to use a combined social and cognitive approach to studying inter-group relations it see the social as more than just something that affects individuals. It attempted to find out how people place with groups and how this affected their judgements (Brown, 2007). pose explained how group membership and inter-group relations are found on self categorisation, social comparison and the construction of a shared self defi nition (Brown, 2007). turn on is currently one of the leading theories in group processes although this has led to power relations where group identification is calm down seen as mostly a cognitive process. The focus on cognitive mechanisms also stresses that group processes are still seen as individualistic and so misses out a lot of the influence that society has on the individual or group.In contrast to SIT, the critical discursive perspective argues that parley and social practices are what make up an individual and their social world individuals are seen as socially constructed, continent and situated (The Open University, DVD 1, 2007). Unlike SIT that studies how cognitive mechanisms allow an individual to identify with a group the critical discursive perspective looks at how groups and group identities are created by the individual through discourse and the different ways that these groups are dynamic, flexible and changeable. Categorisation is thusly seen as an active and out in that respect rather than a process that is internal (Brown, 2007). Akin to the cognitive social perspective, there are different approaches in the critical discursive perspective, for example, some look intoers accept the reality of given categories (Billig, 2002, cited in Brown, 2007) whilst others argue that categories are socially constructed (Potter and Reicher, 1987, cited in Phoenix, 2007). Power relations also blight the critical discursive perspective as discourses can be interpreted differently and each discourse in stock(predicate) within each culture is politically and ideologically constructed. But, the critical discursive perspective does go beyond the individual-society dualism to look at how the individual and social come together to construct groups.SIT and the critical discursive perspective see categorisation and group membership differently. SIT sees categorisation and group membership as distorted and individualistic. It was developed from Tajfels (19 57, cited in Brown, 2007) early coin experiments which led him to conclude that by combining a uninterrupted mark of judgement (coin value) with a clear-cut category dimension (size difference) would resulted in a cognitive bias and therefore a defective judgement within and between the categories. Tajfel (1959, cited in Brown, 2007) saw that this bias could be utilise to explain how individuals perceive others using cognitive variables, like intelligence, for the continuous dimension of judgement and social variables, like nationality, for the clear-cut category dimension. similar the coins, Tajfel (1959, cited in Brown, 2007) hypothesised that individuals would stereotype group members and exaggerate inter-group differences.Tajfel and Turner (1970, cited in Brown, 2007) undertook some minimal group experiments to test this hypothesis. These experiments were purely cognitive there was no reason for the groups to dislike or be competitive towards each other and therefore this s hows how the cognitive bias and distortion can occur. The groups were formed by dividing participants according to a random preference. Participants were asked to distribute money to one of dickens participants they only knew of each others group membership. Like hypothesised, the participants tended to reward people who drop dead to the same group as themselves at the expense of those who belong to the match group, even if this was at the expense of maximising their own groups profit.So, in SIT individuals categorise themselves and others into groups thus identify with the groups that heighten their self admiration and then canvas their group with other groups by contrasting the good things near their group to the bad things about the other groups (Brown, 2007). Tajfel and Turner (1969, cited in Brown, 2007) argued that if an individual identifies themselves as being part of a category and consider themselves as part of that category then they are part of that category. But, biases are unavoidable in SIT because the categories an individual uses serve a purpose (to salvage self esteem). As the categories used in SIT are social, this operator that where the individual lives can affect their categorisation mechanisms (Brown, 2007). For example, to heighten the individuals self esteem, the group the individual sees him/herself as having membership to have to select a relevant out-group to compare itself favourably with. The selection of this out-group depends on what is important to the society that the individual is living in at the time (Brown, 2007). Therefore group membership is created by categorisation, a cognitive mechanism, and the social merely interacts with this mechanism. So therefore SIT furyes individual, internal processes of group membership and how group membership occurs is primarily a cognitive matter.The critical discursive perspective, however, sees categorisation and group membership as more as something individuals do through la nguage in everyday interaction. This can be seen in the way that social categories are constructed in discourse, for example, Potter and Reicher (1987, cited in Phoenix, 2007) undertook discourse research using communities. They used the social categorisation theory as a basis for their research which argued that if an individual perceived themselves to be part of a group, they behaved as a stereotypical member of the group when with the group their personality shifted from an individual emphasis to a social emphasis which would be reflected in their discourse.Potter and Reicher (1987, cited in Phoenix, 2007) analysed discourses of corporation that circulated after the St Pauls riot in Bristol in the 1980s and saw that and saw that many different discourses were given of the same event they called these different versions community repertoires. In these different community repertoires they saw that the use of the call community and who was a member of this group was very fluid, in consistent and flexible. The same account could construct the term community in different ways, for example, the practice of law could be constructed as being part of the community (which makes the riot an intra-group conflict) or the police could be seen as outside of the community (which makes the riot an inter-group conflict). The community could also be seen as a reference to things like life-style or the local residents or even as another term for the black community (Potter and Reicher, 1987, cited in Phoenix, 2007). This approach sees groups in terms of individual and social relationships which move away from the individual-social dichotomies of the cognitive social approaches. Therefore group membership is created by discourse which is not a cognitive mechanism, so groups are constructed. So therefore the critical discursive perspective emphasises external, individual and societal processes of group membership and so how group membership occurs is not a cognitive matter.H ow SIT and the critical discursive perspective study prejudice can expand on how they each view group processes, how they see the individual and society and how they see power relations within group processes. SIT argues that categorisation encourages individuals to see the good in their in-group and compare it to the bad in the out-group which leads people to prejudiced thinking (Dixon, 2007). SIT recognises that there are social aspects of inter-group processes, like assimilation, but at the heart of SIT are the cognitive aspects of group processes (Tajfel and Turner, 1979). SIT suggests that individualistic cognitive mechanisms are the cause of prejudice and inter-group processes. Power relations also occur with SIT as its dominance may have affected how inter-group relations are viewed. The critical discursive perspective, however, argues that how individuals talk about groups and construct group identities is a better way to view the different ways that individuals categorise e ach day (Brown, 2007 DD307 Course Team, 2007).The critical discursive perspective takes into account how an individual uses discourses and how society is involved in inter-group processes (DD303 Course Team, 2007). The critical discursive perspective argues that how an individual makes sense of their reality is affected by their culturally available linguistic resources (Potter and Wetherell, 1987, cited in Dixon, 2007). In this approach, individuals can only categorise and form prejudice because their society shares a language which enables them to construct identities and social relations (Dixon, 2007). Power relations are created in this approach depending on the discourses used by individuals and groups to construct a reality that is of best interest to them (Cooper and Kaye, 2007). This approach does not hope that stereotypes are caused by cognitive mechanisms (Hamilton and Troiler. 1986, cited in Dixon, 2007) they believe that collective belief systems causes the conflicts se en between groups (Eidelson and Eidelson, 2003, cited in Dixon, 2007).Billig (2002, cited in Brown, 2007) moved from SIT to the critical discursive perspective and began to find limitations within SIT. For example, he saw that SIT assumed that categories that individual used to self categorise were fixed, unchanging and universal, whereas he argued that the categories used in SIT for prejudice were culturally determined, active, flexible, dynamic and constructed through language so cannot be explained in terms of psychological processes. SIT also assumes that the way individuals identify with groups is to help their self esteem when Billig (2002, cited in Brown, 2007) argued that this could not provide an explanation of extreme hate or the motivation for violence, hate or bigotry.But there have also been criticisms with the critical discursive perspective approach to groups, for example, Dixon (2007) noted that it neglects emotion and apprehension in favour of language details, th is does not make sense to psychology which is about the mind. It would also be difficult to believe that strongly matte emotions are only social constructions through interaction with others via language. The critical social perspective also does not explain how new groups are formed, for example, Emos, nor can they explain social change. There must also be a cognitive process that produces discourse as that is where meaning comes from it cannot only come from external discourse.SIT (representing cognitive social psychology) and critical discursive perspective have shown the extent to which group membership can be seen as primarily a cognitive matter from a social psychological point of view. SIT seems to rely on inner cognitive mechanisms for group membership whereas the critical discursive perspective seems to rely on outer(a) constructions. As SIT suggests, the cognitive mechanisms of group membership seem to be important for understanding the world, although like the critical d iscursive perspective suggests, how categories are constructed using discourse processes are important for this understanding too. So therefore, from a social psychological point of view group membership is not primarily a cognitive matter, but instead group membership can be seen as both a combined cognitive and social matter. This essay has also shown that social and individual sides of group membership should not be seen as dichotomies but as dynamic, interactive and influenced by power relations.Word Count 2157 (excluding title).Brown, S. D. (2007) Intergroup processes fond Identity Theory in Langdridge, D. and Taylor, S. (2007) (eds) Critical readings in Social psychology. Milton Keynes The Open University Press.DD307 Course Team (2007) DD307 tramp Booklet in Horton-Salway, M. (2007) (ed), Social psychological science Critical Perspectives on ego and Others, Milton Keynes The Open University Press.Dixon, J. (2007) Prejudice, conflict and conflict reduction in Hollway, W., L ucy, H. and Phoenix, A. (2007) (eds) Social Psychology Matters. Milton Keynes The Open University Press.Hollway, W, (2007) Social psychology past and present, in Hollway, W., Lucy, H. and Phoenix, A. (2007) (eds) Social Psychology Matters. Milton Keynes The Open University Press.Phoenix, A. (2007) Intragroup processes entitativity in Langfridge, D. and Taylor, S. (2007) eds Critical readings in Social Psychology. Milton Keynes The Open University Press.The Open University (2007) in Social Psychology Critical Perspectives on Self and Others, DVD 1, DD307 (2007), The Open University.

History Of Mobile Banking

autobiography Of liquid tilling erratic margeing is cognize as M- argoting or SMS Banking. The european federation c in alled PayBox supported fiscally by Deutsche Bank, in 1999 started smooth sticking.iSMS was the earliest wide awake banking value put outed. It is an emerging field in the banking segment. However, older reverberates had limited functionality. wandering(a) phones, palm PCs and personal organizers were lacking hardw be and softw be support. The higher(prenominal) appeal of entropy be afters and the slower ne t construct speed were in addition limiting factors in the developing of liquid banking. It has been amendd with the advancement of the technology, the hardwargon and softw atomic number 18. The equal of bustling catchs has been rock-bottom drastically and is lock away reducing. Network speed is much better than in the first place and data plans are non as costly. All of these changes charter succeedd demand raw materials for th e growth of runny banking and the numbers of volume using quick banking is increasing day by day. Users, who were using computers/laptops for online banking, are moving towards agile banking beca make habit of of ease of use and fast access. In the the States, planetary banking was introduced in 2006 by Wachovia bank.iiIn Sep 2007, Aite group predicted the lively banking users in the United States would impart 1.6 million by the end of the year 2007 and result rapidly join on to 35 million by the year 2010.iiiThe report indicated the growth authority for wandering banking.However, the shelter issues are the major c at a timerns for spry banking service providers and the users. As nomadic banking outlines mature, to a greater extent users will start using roving banking, which will draw the attention of the hack community to target planetary banking customers much(prenominal) or lessly for financial net. Safety and security department of the private and fi nancial education terminusd and managed in the cheats are the key factors for users, banking organization and the security community. The purpose of this paper is to gain staple fibre knowledge of lively banking, explain the different word formlys of architecture use in wandering(a) banking and rank the different security attacks and its countermeasures. peregrine banking in US compare to other countriesWachovia bank was the first to announce smooth banking operate to their customers in Sep 2006 and re-launched in March 2007 followed by a few other banks.ivThey developed their own banking product with ATT. Bank of the States started smooth banking service in March 2007 in collaboration with buginal major wire little carriers, which reported 500,000 users within the first 6 months. Initially, the go reared were gillyflowers transfer, bill payment, branch and ATM locations, bet balance, etc. Since whence there has been huge progress in ready banking services. In 2 009 and 2010 respectively, San Antonio, Texas- base USAA launched their bare-ass(a) application for the iPhone and Android plat make believe that is candid of remote deposit view stoping users to take a photo of the check and deposit electronically.vIn the in- betwixt of 2010 Chase bank similarly introduced the nimble RDC application for the iPhone.viIn Nov 2010, U.S. Bank and Visa announced a smooth payment dust for their customers.viiThey offer the service via use of the MicroSD pester, which fits in most existing mobile devices. A month before that, U.S. bank launched a full suite mobile banking solution for prepaid cardholders with bill pay capabilities. Even though the US found banks provide different kinds of mobile banking services, they are excuse cold behind of their counter parts in the world.7M either banks in the world engage offered mobile banking and financial services for years. European and Asian countries have been fling mobile banking services for ye ars that vary for banking related services to the mobile proximity payments. Japan and sulphur Korea are the world leaders in adopting mobile banking technology. Before 2004, the Internet was the only way of using mobile banking in Japan, which alterd customers to browse the merchant website through a web web browser. However, customers still had to use their as distinguish/ account entry cards for payments. In 2004, NTT DoCoMo started using FeliCa contactless IC chips developed by Sony for mobile devices, which raise carry personal and financial learning that facilitated remote payments and substituted mobile devices for cash and cards at merchants points of sale. In 2005, KDDI and Vodafone similarly adopted FeliCa. 7In 2002, SK telecom and KTF launched their proximity payment programs in southbound Korea, which utilize an infrared technology. These programs were non successful because of number of reasons. In 2003, LG Telecom started South Koreas first IC chip ground mobile banking service, which importantly step-upd the commercialize share of LG Telecom. The other carriers in any case adopted IC chips following the success of LG Telecom. Also, Visa and MasterCard have successfully operated in South Korea since 2006. Since then mobile banking services have come a yearn way in other countries of the world.Difference between mobile banking and online banking/ assent/debit card bankingAt present, mobile banking provides almost the said(prenominal) kind of services as online, credit/debit card banking. When mobile banking services first started, the mobile devices were not able to support all mobile banking services and they were lacking hardware and parcel support. The initial mobile banking service offered was the SMS banking bandage online banking was very well developed and was offering all kinds of banking services. mention/debit card remainss are also fully developed and people were able to use their cards at merchants point of sale and online for payments. However, technical advancements in mobile devices have enabled users to use mobile banking related services via SMS, web browser and mobile web applications. Currently on hand(predicate) mobile devices have the same processing power as computers and they are still evolving. In well-nigh countries, mobile banking was started in the early 90s and now offer a full suite mobile banking solution, which has features of online banking and credit/debit card banking. People are using their mobile devices to replace cash and cards. However, mobile banking services in the USA were started at the end of 2006. Most USA banks are still not offering full mobile banking solutions to their customers. U.S. banks latterly announced proximity payment systems in 2010, which has been in use for a long time in other countries. Some of the features of online banking and credit/debit card banking are not available for mobile banking systems. So mobile banking systems in the US ar e less developed compared to online, credit/debit card banking in terms of services. However, as number of people enrolled in mobile banking increases and banks offer more services with a full wave of solutions in the US, the line between mobile banking and online/credit/debit card banking will get thinner and, in the future, mobile banking will provide a combination service of online and credit/debit card banking in the US.In terms of security, mobile banking is as secure as online banking and offers the same security features and shelterions. However, there is less number of users for mobile banking than online/credit/debit card banking, which reduces the risk of security threats. The hacking community is more targeted towards the online/credit/debit card banking for financial gain. A large number of antivirus, antimalware/spyware etc. available for online banking are not widely available for mobile banking. But with the increase in number of users for mobile banking, these soft ware are also increasing. nomadic banking also carries the risk of some attacks called Vishing, SMishing and spoofing that are only possible in mobile devices. The security features and countermeasures for them differ from online banking. However, mobile banking provides the same security protections as the online banking, as most of them are derived from the watch with online banking. nomadic banking services5 unsettled banking systems allow users to perform bank related transactions like balance checks, account transactions, bill payments, fund transfers, credit/debit card management, etc. through mobile telecommunication devices like mobile phones or PDAs (personal digital assistants). nomadic banking whoremonger be change integrity in three different concepts found on an academic model (1) Mobile accounting, (2) Mobile brokerage and (3) Mobile financial randomness services. 6Mobile accounting services lot be divided into account operations and account administration. Acc ount operations include fund transfers, bill payments, etc. and account administration includes ordering checks, updating profiles and personal data, managing lost or stolen cards, etc. Mobile brokerage is related to buying and selling of stocks, securities, and obtaining current breeding about securities. Mobile financial discipline divides into account information and market information. Account information includes information on branch and ATM locations, credit/debit cards, statements, alerts, balance inquiries, etc., patch market information includes products and services, currency exchanges, inte tranquility rates, etc.Mobile banking advantages disadvantagesMobile banking offers many an(prenominal) advantages to both, users and service providers. It is fast and easy to use and saves time. For online banking, an earnings bring togetherion is an natural which is a major problem in developing countries. However, many individuals whoremonger find mobile connectivity at p laces where internet connection firenot be found. Mobile banking is cost effective for providers as cost of mobile banking is much less compared with onsite banking. Various kinds of banking services and transactions arse be performed with mobile banking. However, mobile banking has many disadvantages too. Security issues are the major concern. Phishing scams, viruses and Trojans and physical loss of the mobile device are some of the security issues that equal mobile banking. The cost of the mobile devices, which are compatible with the mobile banking application and still preferably high. Mobile requires a data plan and school text messaging services, which is an added cost to the user. Some providers charge for software and mobile banking services as well. antithetical lawsuits of mobile banking architecture5 on that point are three casefuls of architectures available for mobile phones to enable mobile banking. Up until 2010 most of the mobile banking was performed by SMS o r mobile web. With the advancement in mobile phones and following the success of Apples iPhone and other operational system based phones, mobile banking is increasing through the special knob applications. These different architectures are further discussed belowSMS or MMS based mobile bankingMobile websiteMobile client applicationSMS or MMS based mobile banking architectureSMS based mobile banking was the first mobile banking service offered. It is based on plain text message interaction. 6,11SMS banking works in two different modes. Pull mode and push mode. Pull mode is a one-way text message system where the bank get offs a text message to the users informing them about certain account situations. It can be used to promote other mobile banking services. Push mode is a two-party message system where users send text messages to the bank requesting ad hoc transactions or services with predefined request codes and the bank replies with specific information pertaining to the tran sactions or services through plain text messages.6,11There are two different kinds of text messaging systems SMS and MMS. SMS is a short form of short message service, which includes sending or receiving plain text messages from the bank. It has a limitation on the number of characters can be included in a message. MMS, cognise as multimedia messaging service, is the flake type of messaging service, which can carry large text messages and works on the same platform as SMS. To use message based mobile banking, a customer has to enroll his/her carrel phone to the bank and the bank sends a text massage with a onetime tidings. Each bank has its own SMS banking number and commands for mobile banking. The message based system has some advantages. It is cost effective and familiar technology, virtually available in individually and every cell phone regardless of manufacturer, model or carrier. It provides two-way communication between the bank and the user, so either the bank or the customer can initiate communication. It does not transmit or store the confidential information in the mobile device. However, SMS cannot carry a larger message and account information. SMS has to be limited to certain number of characters which limits its use.Mobile website based mobile banking architecture6,11This architecture includes the use of the internet browser of the mobile device to access the banks internet banking website. Users can connect to the internet via a wireless network or their carriers internet service. The biggest advantage of this architecture is most of the processing is done at a remote innkeeper at the bank and much less information is stored in the mobile device. On the other hand, it doesnt require the installation of special software and most of the phones today are capable of using an internet browser.6,11WAP (wireless access protocol) was created in 1999 and made internet access possible through mobile devices. WAP is an persistence standard for w ireless applications for mobile devices. It provides the same kind of user experience to the customer as the Internet banking and it does not require the installation of a special mobile banking application. However, it has some disadvantages also. Banks have to create mobile websites that are mobile friendly and can be accessed through the small filmdom of mobile device. It does not work with all kinds of phones and requires smart or PDA phones. There is an added cost for data plans and only customers can initiate communication. This system is more prone to attack as mobile devices are not capable of caterpillar tread firewalls or antivirus protections.Mobile client application based mobile banking architecture6,11This architecture requires the download and installation of a mobile client application to the mobile device. With the patron of the application a bank can provide a wide range of services to their customers. Although this shape up has some advantages and some disadva ntages. First of all, users have to learn a brisk application. The application has to be customized to different phones which increases the development cost to the banks. The applications are also susceptible to attacks and only customers can initiate communication. The older phones are not capable of running this application because of technical limitations. The use of internet requires a data plan that increases the cost on the part of customers. (A data plan requires to use client application based mobile banking architecture, which increases the cost on the part of customer.) Some of the banks charge an initial fee for downloading and installing the mobile client application.Mobile banking security requirementsConfidentialityAuthenticationintegritynon-repudiationSecurity attacks/threatsMobile banking is an emerging technology and the number of mobile banking subscribers increases day by day. With the increase in number of users, the concerns for security also rise. Different ki nds of security attacks are as followsWhat kinds of attacks are more on which types of architecture model?Vishing12Vishing is a social engineering attack over the telephone system. It is a type of phishing and it is a combination term of voice and phishing. Mostly it uses features facilitated by parting over IP (VOIP), to gain access to private, personal and financial information from the public (information of the users). It is used to get the credentials information of the user in the main for financial gain.13PhishingPhishing is an another kind of social engineering attack in an electronic communication to acquire culture medium information like usernames, passwords and credit card details by redirecting unsuspecting users to a fake website with the use of an authentic timbering email. It can also be carried out by instant messages.14SmishingSmishing is also a social engineering attack analogous to phishing. The name is derived from SMs phiSHING. It uses the text message sy stem of the phone to get private, personal, and financial information of the user. A web site URL embedded in the text message may act as a hook. However, the phone number that connects to the automated voice response system has become more common.15,16SpoofingSpoofing is an attack where a person or program successfully masquerades as another with falsifying data. A spoofing attack causes the telephone network to presentment a number on the recipients caller-id-display. This number is familiar and looks like it came from a legitimate source, which is not an origination source actually.6Lost and stolen phonesThis is one the biggest threats for mobile banking. Mobile phones are small and portable and could be easily lost or stolen. Authentication, authorization and confidentiality are the areas to be considered when mobile devices are lost or stolen. 19In 2001, 1.3 million devices were lost or stolen in the UK. 17In 2006, over 1 zillion phones were sold worldwide. Of those 80 millio n were smartphones, which have operating system and can store all kinds of information. 18A behold found that 34% users didnt even use a PIN. This threat increases with the increase in the number of phones.6gap and cloneCracking a mobile device means modifying its software to gain throw of that particular mobile device. Attackers find the ways to break or hold in the software and once cracked the attacker has the access to the data stored in the device. An IPhone cracked by an ISE is an example of phone cracking. Attacker found an overwork in the iPhones web browser, deployed a fussing attack and injected invalid data into a program looking for the buffer overflow. With cracking, the software attacker can also view SMS logs, call history, etc. or send that data to their machine. Bluetooth is also vulnerable to phone crack attack. 17If Bluetooth is on, any Bluetooth device can connect to the phone within a 30 foot range. An attacker can use bluesnarfing and download, upload or edit files on a device without the owners permission. Default setting can be change by attacker.(Even once a Bluetooth device connected with phone, attacker can change the disrespect setting also.) 20One survey in London found that 379 out of 943 phones had their nonremittal setting on and 138 out of 379 were vulnerable to attack.Making identical copies of anything is known as cloning. Cloning of a mobile device creates a second device, which has the same identical information as the original device. Cloning new phones is difficult while older phones were easy to clone with some basic equipment. 17Cloning of GSM phones is much more difficult in comparison to cloning of CDMA phones. Cloning of CDMA phones only requires a phones electronic serial number and mobile recognition number. A few ALLTEL customers had their phones cloned during their visit to different places. Cloning can affect all carriers and all kinds of phones if they are left on. 21With less than $2000, any attacker can build a cloning device that can stop the signals from a mobile device. It can capture the signals sent out by the phone from up to a mile away and get the codes that identify the phone. Cracking and cloning are spry threats to mobile banking. Cracking can be used to get sensitive data from the phone or to install malware while cloning can duplicate all information from the phone and an attacker can get about half of the information to identify the phone.6,22Man-In-the-Middle attack(MIM)MIM is considered a threat to the confidentiality and integrity of people. It is a form of active eavesdropping in which attacker makes independent connections to victims by positioning him/herself in between two victims to take control of communication between them with the intention of interception and allowance of information and relays it to others, making them believe that it came from the other person and not from the attacker. The attacker must be able to intercept all messages and alter them while it is transit. It is also known as active wiretapping or traffic intercepting. The chances of this kind of attack increases with the use of wireless connection compared to other more secured connections.Viruses, malware and venomous code24Malicious code is a software in the form of viruses, malware or worms. These kinds of software can be inserted into a system without the knowledge of the user. The elementary intent of inserting the software is to gain private personal and financial information of the user and compromise the integrity and confidentiality of the system. It affects the victims private data, applications, operating systems or sometimes just annoys the users. 23Mobile browsers are susceptible to the same kind of security risks as home or office computers. Mobile browsers are little safer at this point compared to computers. With the increase of mobile banking, the numbers of these kinds of software will increase. However, at present, the increasing number of viruses and Trojan clams is the biggest concern to mobile banking security. 25The mobile devices running windows operating system are a favorite target for the hacker community.26The first generation viruses were proof-of-concept viruses. The Commwarrior virus bed propagates over Bluetooth and MMS. SymbOS.skulls is a Trojan horse that affects symbian phones and changes all the application icons to skull icons. In 1994, the Cabir worm spread as an give SIS package called caribe.sis. It spread via open Bluetooth connections and affected Symbian Series 60 phones. Timifonica virus infected PCs in 2000 and sent harmless text messages to cell phones. There are also software that infect mobile devices and look for personal information like stored password or other sensitive information. Some Trojans can steal address book information and send that information to hackers via SMS or MMS. 6Bluetooth can be used easily to spread these viruses. Most digital phones available today are Blu etooth enabled and any Bluetooth device can be infected within range. In Finland, a mobile malware was spread from Bluetooth to Bluetooth device during a soccer game. However, while Bluetooth is the easiest way to spread viruses it is not the only way. Malware have been written that use Internet and cellular networks to spread. SMS and MMS can also be used to spread viruses and malware.Therefore, this threat is a recent major concern for banks and users. Vast number of attacks can be launched with use of viruses and malware.Security countermeasuresSecurity of mobile banking is an important and a crucial issue. In addition to that, wireless communication increases the vulnerability of the system. Therefore, more spicy security system is necessary to protect the private personal and financial information of the users. Following are some of the countermeasures discussed in the paper.What kinds of countermeasures are more required and more available for which types of architecture mod el?User trademark27Authentication is process of identification of something or someone as authentic. There are three different ways by which someone can be authenticated. These three categories are based on the factors of authentication what you know, what you have or what you are. Each of these factors have a range of elements. Research has suggested that for better security at least two or preferably three factors be verified. If two elements are required for authentication it is called as two-factor authentication while two or more than two factors authentication is known as multi-factor authentication. 6FFIEC requires banks to use multiple forms of authentication for electronic banking. All mobile banking systems select to use at least two-factor authentication for user identification.6Authentication proficiencys based on what user knows including a combination of the pin number, the username, the password and the onetime password for mobile banking. Research has shown securit y concerns with this technique as users use sapless passwords, write it down or share with others. 28Therefore, to increase the protection of the mobile device pin protection or distributed pin verification organisation has been suggested in which one-half of the pin is stored in the mobile device and rest of the half is stored in a remote machine in the network. So the attacker can get only half of the pin from the phones memory.6Another technique uses what user has. This includes ID card, cell phone, credit card etc. Use of any of the above forms is not a reliable technique as the user must have the physical possession of them.6Biometrics is an another form of authentication that includes face, voice, fingerprint, DNA sequence etc. 18Clarke and Furnell found in a survey that 83% of populations were in favor of using biometric system for authentication. 29A report on biometric security for mobile banking in March 2008 discusses the different issues of the mobile banking and sugg ests use of biometric system for more robust security with the help of a users fingerprint as a biometric element. 6Behavior analysis can also be used as a security measure where users are granted or denied access based on their previous behavior. A robust system uses multiple forms of identification before and during use of an application and if necessary asks for more accurate form of identification. If the user fails they are locked out. encoding30 encoding means changing or transforming the information in an unreadable form to anyone with the help of algorithmic program. A key is required to make the information readable again. This process is called decoding. Encryption addresses the confidentiality issue. Encryption can be used to protect data at rest and in transit. There are vast numbers of incidents describe data interception in transit.6There are two different ways to protect the data on the phone. (1) Encryption of information stored in the phone and (2) Encryption of t he information during communication. 31The current encryption technique is AES and ECC. The wireless data is encrypted with AES and the encryption key uses ECC to encrypt this data. They increase the speed of encryption and decryption and currently they are the most omnipotent technology available for encryption. 6CellTrust uses AES and small clients to protect the SMS messages and send encrypted SMS messages. ClairMail recommends the use of SSL and HTTPS during communication. TPM is another tool that can help with encryption and protection of mobile devices. It is an embedded chip in the motherboard that can work with mobile devices or security smartcards. It can store keys, passwords, digital touch modality and certificates. 32TPM chip has a unique RSA key embedded in it during production. So it can be used to perform platform authentication. For example, to swear mobile devices seeking access for mobile banking.Digital touch33Digital signature is an electronic signature that can be used to identify the legitimacy of the message of the document. It is also known as digital cryptographic signature. It can be used with encrypted or unencrypted message. A valid digital signature indicates that the message or document was sent by a known person and it was not altered in transit. Digital signature also represents non-repudiation. Therefore, ones the message has been sent and digitally signed, the signer cannot deny that he/she did not sign a message. 6With the help of Digital signatures customer can sign the document and does not have to visit branch office. In mobile banking, adding a digital signature to the transaction proves that a customer sure the transaction.31At present digital signature technology uses RSA algorithm and ECC algorithm. Because of higher security level, low calculating processing speed, small storage quadriceps and low band-width requirement ECC will be more able for mobile banking.WPKI technology34PKI (public key infrastructure) is a security mechanism for wireless internet and uses public key cryptography and certificate management for communications. It provides all four of the security feature for e-commerce confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation and authentication.35WAP (wireless access protocol) is developed by WAP fabrication to provide a common format for internet transfers for mobile devices. The WAP potbelly includes five layers WAE, WSP, WTP, WDP and WTLS. WAP consists of WIM, WTLS, WMLScrypt and WPKI.31Wireless application protocol PKI is an extension of traditional IETF PKI standards used in wired network. It is mainly used in wireless network. WPKI applications have to work in a restricted environment like less powerful CPUs, less memory, less storage space, small displays etc. Therefore, WPKI must be optimized like the other security and application services within WAP environment. WPKI uses a public key system based on ECC algorithm for encryption and decryption. With the help of this system the information can safely egest to its destination. In the presence of other security protocols like WIM, WTLS and WMLScrypt of WAP, WPKI can go through all four security requirements for mobile banking confidentiality of data, identity and authentication, integrity and non-repudiation. refinementThe number of people use mobile devices is rising rapidly. Advanced technology in mobile device field has overcome the limitations of the older phones. Newer phones have a wide range of functions and improvement in hardware and software support, which enabled users to use mobile devices as substitute for computers. These mobile devices are capable of performing complex functions, which enabled users to manage their finances through mobile devices.There are three different kinds of architecture for mobile banking. SMS based system works in almost any mobile device. Web based systems are similar to internet system and they are more touristy in the USA. The client application system offers robust solution to mobile banking. However, all of these systems have security issues those need to identified and addressed in a proper fashion. Confidentiality, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation are the most important security requirements for any mobile banking system.Authentication of the user and encryption of the data presents honest challenges to the mobile banking system. Implementing the various types of authentication and encryption technology can improve the mobile banking security, which reduces customers fear against security issues and increase

Warhammer40k: The darkest millennium

Warhammer40k The darkest millenniumThis is the 41st millenniu homophile age of wars. Since the God-emperor moth of Mankind ended the Age of battle and set up the Imperium of Man 10,000 years ago, his twenty PrimarchsL1 and give-and-takes started the Great promote to recapture each hu cosmos colony which lost during the warp combat in the galaxy. As the banner of the Imperium was spreading fast, the best son of the emperor exceptterflyWarmaster Horus, betrayed his give birth father shamefully. We call it the Horus Heresy .Half of the Emperors Space shipboard soldier Legions converted to the worship of the four Chaos Gods. Though these rebels were ultimately defeated, the Emperor was critically wounded in the final battle with his traitor son Horus and survived on life support in a persistent vegetive domain on the Golden Throne. In the absence of his guidance, the Imperium has to be sum up a in truth brutal authoritarian regime. And now, the Imperium is simply betrothal for survival. Our story begins from 60 years ago. That time I was as yet served in the Imperial prophylactic in the 101st Cadian legion, served for the God-Emperor of Mankind as a normal guardsman. And I knew a man whose name is Charles Morgan, an old friend and a bang-up legend of the Imperium of ManChapter 1 For the EmperorThe Far-East Seg mentumL2 of the ImperiumSystem of ChrisChris No.1West stateA mouth after landingWe carry rearup escortA sergeant shouts loudly There argon too legion(predicate) of them Retreat Retreat He waves his chain saw sword and cuts a train of an ork Fall back GuardsHe shouts once again. The lasgunL3 in his hand keeps spraying vitriolic optical maser beams.Sergeant Morgan?A five-year-old soldier stands beside him and says Sir Were raceway out of ammoThe vernal soldier looks nervous What we gonna do, sirCharles looks at him, the puppyish soldier had lost an eye in the battle before and his corpse fit out has torn, blood on his face.He puts do wn the sword I moderate no idea, just pray to the Emperor He says.Seriously, sir? The newfangled man says with fear on his face But it has been ternary weeks since we were pin down hereCharles glances at him Dont worry son, our reinforcements entrust come soon, you must strengthen you faith guard and remember, you ar non struggle for yourself or anything else, you are struggle for the emperorHe turns or so towards the young soldier On your feet guardThe soldier snaps to attention.Who are you?He asks loudly.The man of Cadia The young man shouts.What are you?He asks again.The Sledgehammer of the emperor and the stern of the ImperiumHe cries loudly, with frenzy on his face.Correct guard Remember, were the military from the Eye of TerrorL4 and we become nothing to fear Now dismissYes, sirThe young man quickly pick up his lasgun and gets into his position.Charles looks around ,they are in a small town in the west state of Chris No.1.Obviously orks have killed all the civilia ns before they came, he and his team has been trapped here for one-third weeks, no backup, no fire support and no reinforcement. He knows that if at that place are still no backup or any supply, he and his men will soon be exhausted and they will in conclusion become a biggish meal of these damn green hybrids.WaaaaaghOrks launching A guard shouts.Hold your position guardsHe says In his name, fervourHe puts the orks into the sight of his lasgun again and pulls the trigger.BoomSuddenly, a big enlargement happens in the centre of orks.What the hThen, a giant figure interrupts Charles, he looks up at the sky, and the sky turns into dark.Its the Kingfisher A guard shouts excitedly. compliment the God-Emperor Charles whispers.Soon the giant figure shows itselfThe Imperial Luna class cruiser Kingfisher .With the potent canons on it, the orks are completely in a mess.We do it We made itCharles shouts excited Here are our reinforcementsYeah The break down ten guards intermit into cheers. entirely obligation wing guardsCharles stands out from the bunker Lets fight backHe shouts Imperial Guard Attack He holds his chainsaw sword and rushes towards the green sea in figurehead of him For the EmperorThe sawtooth of high-velocity rotation cuts a head of an ork easily, with blood splashing on his face.For the Emperor So excitedly did the ten guards follow his step, hold their lasgun and shoot madly.A big shadow appears from the horizon, its the Leman Russ main Battle Tank, with 101st on its armor. The 400mm main gun can lacerate orks bodies easily, and three heavy boltersL5 on it could destroy boththing which dares to approach them.Then, another two Leman Russ Tanks appear.Its a tank squad Charles shouts excited.Then, more and more tanks appear and after these tanks, there are Armoured Fist SquadsL6, Veteran Squads and the best of allthe Storm Troopers, with HellgunL7 in their hands.Goddamnedhumans A roar comes with anger.A Warboss Charles screamed Attention gu ardsThen a big self-made missile fires from the green sea.BOOM The Leman Russ tank in the front was destroyed in a second. But obviously its rude conduct attracts more and more attentions. Thousands of laser beams and bullets fly towards it.Waaaagh The ork Warboss c all overs its face with its big hand. Iwillbe back Then it turns around and run away quickly. The rest of orks cannot keep fighting any more without their boss and the guards soon clear the area, organise every ork to the wickedness.Sergeant Charles Morgan A maestro of The Storm Trooper walks towards him. Sorry man, were late, the greenskins from north slowed us down.Thats OK, Im already very glad that you come.So sergeant, get on the ChimeraL8 over there, lets back to the ship, someone wants to see you.Someone? Who?A master from the Ordo MalleusE9. The captain says Usually wont be anything good you know.Yep, to tell you the truth, these greenskins are cuter than these judges.Oh, I agree with you on that, so good luc k man, we have to go now.Chapter 2 An impossible missionJudge Johnson Im telling you thats impossible At the bridge of the Kingfisher, Charles shouts loudly.The Emperor call for you, sergeant A man with a regent(postnominal) powered armor says.If it is, your majesty Charles says The Emperor will never give us a suicide missionNo, he wont indeed. The judge says hardly if the Imperium is in great danger.Great danger? By who? These geenskins? You must be kidding meAnd you should know that Im from the Ordo Malleus not the Ordo Xenos, so Im not in charge of the orks business.I know who you are, your majesty. Charles says You came for daemons, but have you even think about what kind of daemon will choose such a poor world?You mean Chris? Shes not poor in fact. Johnson says.Oh, thats not what I perceive of. Says Charles.Then what you think why you are here sergeant? He asks If she is just a normal world, why would the commanding room send you guys here?What?I mean its unnecessary to se nd a Cadian legion to a normal world, isnt it?So Chris must be something wrong. Says Charles.And it must be something about Chaos Answers Johnson Clever sergeantSo why dont you find some Space Marines or Adeptus SororitasL10? Asks Charles.Ohyou know whats the meaning of stalk sergeant? What I need isnt a war machine, instead, I want a man who can use his brain. Says the judge I need a spy, not a super worrier, do you understand me sergeant? He walks around Charles and says And you are the man that Im looking for.Yes, your majesty, as your wish. Charles salutes to the judge. darling sergeant, now come with me, you are not alone.You mean there is still some else will join the mission?You will see.What? You want me to act with these guys? In the bar of the ship, there are seven men posing in the corner of the bar.Let me introduce them for you sergeant. Says Johnson the judge The tallest man over there is the notorious piraterattlesnake and the pretty lady in front of you is the assass in from the Officio AssassinorumL11 names Brambles, the beautiful lady on your right is Alyssa Linster from the AlaitocL12 of Eldar and the bald guy on you left is the famous mercenary from CatachanEugene and the last gentleman over there is brother Ostantintic from the Adeptus MechanicusL13A assort of mobs. Charles whispers.Hey You wanna cause troubles boy? The bald guy shouts.Id have intercourse to, bastard Charles provokes.Come boy I killed thousands of men like you Eugene laughs profitless guardsmanSuddenly, Charles takes out his combat knife and put it to his neck Say it again His shouts Who is useless? WhoEasy sergeant. Johnson appears Impulsive young man. He sighs And you He dead point at Eugene Shut up your mouth Eugene We are a team now He looks around I dont want to see anything like this an more ar you clear?As your wish, your majesty.You have three hours, see you at the bridge. Says Johnson Now dismiss completely right guys, our plan is In the bridge of the Kingfish er, a group of men with different status and faith gathers together.So that is our plan, you get it? Johnson says Captain wolf of the Imperial Navy will drop us in the north pole of Chris No.1, there is an ancient temple and were gonna stalk there to find out what the heretics are doing there, and then put them and their business into hell And during the mission the Kingfisher will be always above us Are you clear?You got itWhat about you, Sergeant Morgan?Im fine, sirAll right guys, from now, forget who you really are, remember, you are just like themNo problem, sirAll right, the Emperor protect Johnson prays.The Emperor protectLets travel out-Charming LeeSee you next seasonL1The creatures of the Emperor, twenty powerful warriors, with the Emperors gene.L2Province that cross the stars.L3A kind of laser gun.L4Once the Eldars home, now is the biggest fleet of the warp, demons from warp usually come out from it.L5A kind of gun that fires a kind of bullet that like a tiny missile.L6A kind of squad that is consist of a Chimera and a guard squad.L7A kind of laser gun, more powerful than lasgun and more expensive than lasgun.L8A kind of armoured vehicles.E9One of the Inquisitions. The Imperium has three InquisitionsOrdo Malleus for the daemons from wrap, Ordo Hereticus for the traitors and the Ordo Xenos for the aliens.L10Sisters of Battle, belongs to the Ordo Hereticus.L11A place that trains assassins for the Imperium.L12One of the tribes of the Eldar.L13A religion of the Imperium, they believe that machine has spirit and they controlled every factory and school in the Imperium.

How Does Technological Advancement Eliminate Genetic Disease

How Does Technological Advancement Eliminate Genetic DiseaseAmy ChongHow Do Technological Advancement, Combined With Our Extensive K straight offledge From The Human Genome Project, Help Us To Eliminate Genetic Diseases?Abstract The labour of this project is to answer the enquire how do technological advancements, combined with our extensive knowledge from the Human Genome Project, helper us to eliminate brokertic maladys? I want to find forth(a) more ab step up genetic unsoundnesss, such(prenominal) as myotonic dystrophy and Cystic Fibrosis, and the stage that scientists ar at in curing patients. carsick explore the ethical issues of possible gene redaction in the future. Ive carried out a lot of look on the back intellect of genetic diseases and unmatched could speculate that gene editing could eliminate diseases in spite of appearance the next ecstasy or two, if technologies continue to expand at the current rate. This report has en subjectd me to cognize the work o f scientists and furthermore, encouraged me to pursue a c ber in STEMDS1. footHi flooring of the Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project was a ground breaking discovery in the understanding of how we evolved as benevolent beings (C arey, 2015). Their aim was to map and understand all the genes for scoreing human beings by difference through 3.2 billion bases. A genome cigarette be defined as an beingnesss complete set of deoxyribonucleic acid, including all of its genes (Genetics office Reference, 2016). This inquiry has illuminately revolutionised genetics as the cost of gene editing and testing has decreased by 99 percent (Kurzgesagt, 2015DS2).Methodology My research is based on indirect qualitative research from published journals, scientific reports and books. It didnt cost any coin to conduct. Ive approached my question through Jennifer Doudnas lens on future engineering such as CRISPR to eliminate disease. Theyre all diseases that set out known genetic caus es, and we now keep back the technology that prat repair those regenerations. (Jennifer Doudna, 2016). Ill apply CRISPR in contrast to current technologies used.DNA Coding What is the genetic tag? DNA is made up of many nucleotides containing three molecules a deoxyribose pentose sugar, a orthophosphate group and a nitrogenous organic base. These bases are Cytosine (C), type A (A), Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) (Toole, 2015).How does genetic codes link to genetic diseases?Three bases code for an amino acid. The code is non-overlapping which reveals thithers only if twenty different amino acids fork up in proteins. Changes to the base sequence or quantity results in a mutation. There are four types of mutations that can occur during DNA semi-conservative take nonsense, missense, silent and frame shift. Any of these changes to the DNA sequence leads to gene mutation(Toole, 2015). This is shown in figure one.Figure one Effects of single base mutation In DNA CodeDS3.Myotonic Dy strophy From the Genome Project, its evident that the isolation of a number of genes is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy. Myotonic Dystrophy is a dominant disorder. Patients ache from prolonged contractions, therefore are unable to relax their go acrosss (Genetics Home Reference,2016). The symptoms head start to appear during adulthood. According to the Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy in Britain research, (1975) there are two types of Myotonic Dystrophy. character one involves weak muscles touch on the lower legs, hands, neck, and saying. Whereas type two is associated with the muscles of the neck, shoulders, elbows, and hips. The two differ due to mutations in different genes (Harper, 1975).Figure two (in appendices) reveals the muscle speciality of those who suffer from this disease in contrast to a person, with average height and build, with the muscle strength of 38kg (Grassino etal.,1997135).How does Myotonic Dystrophy differ from other genetic diseases?This genetic dis ease has different characteristics to a typical dominant disorder. Normally, the symptoms of genetic diseases dont get worse when they are passed on from parent to child. This is the case with Myotonic Dystrophy. The disease is crotchety due to the gene containing minuscule sequences of DNA thats tell three-fold of measure. Type 1 is caused by a mutation in the DMPK gene, which appears to regulate the work and function of structures inside muscle kiosks. The mutated DMPK gene contains three DNA nucleotides CTG repeated in the ranges from 5 to 34. On the other hand, type two is caused by CNBP gene. This consist of four DNA nucleotides CCTG repeated fewer than 26 times (Carey, 2015).What technologies sacrifice been made to eliminate Myotonic Dystrophy?Currently, theres no resume or specific handling for Myotonic Dystrophy but there is a promising step forward toward muscular Dystrophy intervention (the University of Rochester Medical Centre, 2012). Their research involv es reversing the symptoms by creating synthetic compounds that will eliminate a buildup of toxic RNA in muscle cells. This was tested on mice and results showed that symptoms were decreased for up to one year. According to Charles Thorntom (2012), these results give us strong encouragement about the possibility of developing a treatment. Is testing mice the best research method? How will we know if the research would eliminate the genetic disease in humansDS4?What are the implications of the research?As the mend is still to be found, it is not possible to test on humans due to unfathomable RNA targets involved in disease the question is how to find small molecules that bind to them, (Disney,2012). Because of limit slight RNA targets, it complicates the target amplification sy block. This is an enzyme-medicated operate, therefore, millions of targeted enzymes are copied within several hours the copies made would be used for research. As a result, the techniques are sensitive to contamination. This could lead to false-positive reactions which cause implications for future research (McClatchey, 2002).What has been done to stay false-positive reactions?Perhaps the University of Rochester Medical Center should consider victimisation Kaspersky Lab technology to test for false-positive reactions. The machine can automatically create files for results that are commonalty or not. Results that are not common are ignored and habit affect research. This upgrade in technology would make their results more clear (Kaspersky Lab, 2015). But should they accept the false positive results as side do of their research? Could these false positive results be significant in their research?Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease causing a build up of mucus to damage the bodys organs. Mucus is a lubricant that protects the linings of the airways and digestive sy stanch. People with cystic fibrosis, produces thick mucus that clogs the airways causing problems with breathing. Over time, it can permanently damage the lungs by producing scar tissue papers. Scar tissues are thicker and less elastic than normal tissues so the tidal volume is reduced (Genetics Home Reference, 2016).Which codes causes Cystic Fibrosis? If youre missing two letters out of 3.2 billion of the sequence, ATT CTT GATT, you have cystic fibrosis (Sabatini,2016). Mutation in the CFTR gene disrupts the flow of chloride ions across cell membrane, which is necessary to produce freely flowing mucus (Genetics Home Reference, 2016).What technologies have been made to eliminate Cystic Fibrosis?From the Human Genome Project, we know which genome codes for lungs, and with the help of stem cells and tissue engineering, scientist believe it is possible for human lungs to be successfully great(p) in a lab for the first time, (Medical lates Today, 2014). Due to shortfall of donor organs, using stem cells (which are able to differentiate in to other cells) is a desirable approach f or organ replacement. Whilst the field of tissue engineering has successfully reconstructed cartilage frameworks for ears and bones in the skull and face they struggle to use stem cells to grow lungs thatll survive and function correctly (Lui etal.,2013). This means maintaining blood and oxygen supply inside the body without coagulate (The Guardian, 2015). allow growing organs give a better eccentric of life to those who suffer from Cystic Fribrosis? Would this be as effective as gene editing technology?Gene Editing engine room CRISPR (Clustered regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)CRISPR-Cas9 is a technology, using bacteria, that enables parts of the genome to be cut out and replaced, or to add parts of DNA sequence.The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two aboriginal molecules enzyme Cas9 (a molecular scissors that cuts a specific location of DNA) and RNA (The New York Times, 2015).Figure three (in appendices) will show the steps of gene editing. erstwhile the DNA is edited, the mutation causing the genetic disease would be eliminated (Your Genome, 2016).Technology success Layla recovered from leukaemia thanks to gene-editing technology. For children as young as Layla, the cure rates are only 25 per cent (Sujith Samarasinghe, 2015). As a result, her doctors proceed to gene therapy to removing immune cells from her body and genetically engineer them to storm crab louseous cells (Nature, 2015). She received T-cells (ex drived to a DNA-cutting enzyme called a TALEN) from a healthy donor. The performance was done so that the modified T-cells injected were not recognised as foreign. T-cells are significant because receptor CAR19 helps programs the T-cells to kill any cells with protein CD19 found on cancer cells. Is the process this simple?Theres a risk of the enzyme being cut the wrong(p) place resulting cells turning cancerous (New Scientist, 2015). Research on gene editing is now expanding to minimise this risk. Soon there are a all in all bunch of other disorders we cure (Qasim, 2015). Since she is the first person to be healed using gene editing does this mean its safe to proceed this process on other diseases?Ethical IssuesObjective of Gene EditingAs the technology is at its early stages, scientist are creating a modified variate of Cas9 thatll change specific letters to remove the mutation that caused genetic disease. In most eye, gene editing is unjust since the technology is limited to individuals. Researchers are mainly testing on reproductive cells to prevent children from having the condition. Theyre plan to digest human trial by the end of 2016. Do we know plentiful information for humans to participate as the effects are occasional? (Your Genome, 2015).Future contemporariessAccording to David Baltimore (2015) we sense that we are close to being able to alter human heredity. CRISPR is opposed by a lot of passel as they want new laws and regulations to protect the human gene pot of our entire spe cies. The process is irreversible. If technology advancement and researchers have enough information to create modified humans, we have to consider the cost. This is a valid lead as wealthy parent maybe tempted to treat unwanted characteristics that are not actually diseases. Do we want stronger, smarter, taller children with specific colour eyes? Could designer babies be the answer to eliminate genetic diseases? These are the questions that pose potential flaws is the advancement of technologyDS5.ConclusionGene editing research and technology advancement is the step forward in eliminating genetic diseases. From my selective describe of genetic diseases such as Myotonic Dystrophy and Cystic Fibrosis, we can see technologies such as growing organs using stem cells and synthesis of compounds to cure disease are making progress. The focus of gene editing will an effective treatment if the trials are successful. This is the beginning of revolutionising human genome and eliminating gen etic disease as a whole.ReferencesCarey.N, (2015). Junk DNA. London simulacrum Books Ltd. Pages 7-11.CNBC, (2016). Editing our genes to cure not just treat disease. Online forthcoming at http//www.cnbc.com/2016/05/26/editing-our-genes-to-curenot-just-treatdisease.html Accessed 31 Aug. 2016.Genetic Home Reference, (2016). Myotonic Dystrophy. Online Available at https//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/myotonic-dystrophy Accessed 29 Aug. 2016.Genetic Home Reference, (2016). What is a genome? Online Available at https//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/hgp/genome Accessed 20 Aug. 2016.Grassino etal. (1997). Relationship Between Chronic Hypercapnia and Inspiratory-Muscle flunk in Myotonic Dystrophy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, Online Volume(158), pages 133-137. Available athttp//www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9509041 democube-epdf Accessed 31 Aug. 2016.Harper,P. (1975). Congenital myotonic dystrophy in Britain. Archives of Disease in Childhood, Online Volume(50), pages 505-513. Avai lable athttp//adc.bmj.com/content/50/7/505.full.pdf Accessed 29 Aug. 2016.Kaspersky, (2015). Kaspersky Lab Patents Automated False-Positive Testing Technology base on Machine Learning Algorithms. Online Available at http//www.kaspersky.com/about/ intelligence activity/product/2015/Kaspersky-Lab-Patents-Automated-False-Positive-Testing-Technology-Based-on-Machine-Learning-Algorithms Accessed 29 Aug. 2016.Kurzgesagt In a Nutshell, (2016). Genetic Engineering Will Change Everything Forever CRISPR. Online Available at https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY Accessed 11 Aug. 2016.Live Science, (2013). DNA Definition, Structure Discovery. Online Available at http//www.livescience.com/37247-dna.html Accessed 20 Aug. 2016.Lui, Yunying etal.(2013) Generation of functional organs from stem cells. BioMed Central, Page 1.McClatchey,K. (2002). Clinical Laboratory Medicine. second Edition. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Page 1237.Medical News Today, (2014). Human lungs successf ully grown in a lab for the first time. Online Available at http//www.medical tidingstoday.com/articles/272763.php Accessed 29 Aug. 2016.Myotonic Dystrophy Foundation, (2012).SCIENTISTS CREATE POTENT MOLECULES AIMED AT TREATING MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY. Online Available at http//www.myotonic.org/scientists-create-potent-molecules-aimed-treating-myotonic-dystrophy Accessed 29 Aug. 2016.National Human Genome Research Institute, (2012). A New Five-Year stick out for the United States Human Genome Program. Online Available at https//www.genome.gov/10001476/human-genome-projects-fiveyear-plan-19931998/ Accessed 29. Aug. 2016.Nature, (2015). Leukaemia success heralds wave of gene-editing therapies. Online Available at http//www.nature.com/news/leukaemia-success-heralds-wave-of-gene-editing-therapies-1.18737 Accessed 31 Aug. 2016.New Scientist, (2015). Gene editing saves little girl dying from leukaemia in world first. Online Available at https//www.newscientist.com/article/dn28454-gene-editin g-saves-life-of-girl-dying-from-leukaemia-in-world-first/ Accessed 31 Aug. 2016.Openstax CNX, (2016). DNA Repair. Online Available at https//cnx.org/contents/emailprotected/DNA-Repair Accessed 20 Aug. 2016.Science Daily, (2015).Potential treatment identified for myotonic muscular dystrophy. Online. Available at https//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150318140652.htm Accessed 29 Aug. 2016.Toole,G. and Toole,S. (2015). A Level AQA Biology. 2nd Edition. Glasgow Bell and Bain Ltd. Pages 36-37, 202-203.University of Rochester Medical Center, (2012). A Promising rate Forward Toward Muscular Dystrophy Treatment. Online Available at https//www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/3572/a-promising-step-forward-toward-muscular-dystrophy-treatment.aspx Accessed 29 Aug. 2016.Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, (2001). Ten facts from the Human Genome Project. Online Available at http//www.sanger.ac.uk/news/view/ten-facts-human-genome-project Accessed 20 Aug. 2016.Your Genome, (2015). Is germline ge ne therapy ethical? Online Available at http//www.yourgenome.org/debates/is-germline-gene-therapy-ethical Accessed 31 Aug. 2016.Your Genome, (2016). What is CRISPR-Cas9? Online Available at http//www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-cas9 Accessed 31 Aug. 2016.AppendicesFigues and diagramFigure two Results of muscle weakness in Myotonic Dystrophy patients in contrast to those who dont have the disease.Figure three The stages of using bacteria to edit DNA sequence.Gantt mapGlossaryDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) a molecule that is consist of instructions for an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce.Non-overlapping each base in the sequence is read one.Dominant allele the disease is present even if the individual only has one copy of the allele.Ribonucleic acid (RNA) a messenger carrying single stray instructions from DNA to control protein synthesis.Enzyme-medicated process single enzyme or multiple enzymes synthesis copies of nuclei acid.False positive A result that indicates that a wedded condition is present when it is not.Cell membrane the partially permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.Stem cells an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism which has the ability to differentiate to repair and replace discredited tissues and organs.Tissue - group of similar cells working together to perform a special function.Organ Combination of tissues that are coordinated to perfrm a motley of functions. Eg. Heart, lungs.T- Cells Type of lympocyte matured in the thymus gland that is involved in humoral immunity.Enzyme a protein with a specific active site and 3rd structure. It acts as a biological catalyst to bring about a biochemical reaction.Cas9 a protein that guides the RNA to enter cells without undergoing transcription and translation.DS1Good start. In future, learn to practice academic language. Such as This paper will or The research in this paper will discuss avoid using I, me, we my etc.DS2Good.DS3GoodDS4Excell ent points raised.DS5Good point

GE Organizational Structure Analysis

GE Organizational Structure Analysis1. IntroductionThis essay identifies GE on the life-cycle chart during the transition from twat Welch to Jeff Immelt as chief operating officer. It as well addresses the changes he made to its organisational structures, thereby achieving his goals. Further more, highlighting the risks and trade-offs accompanied with those changes. Finally, this essay also gives recommendations to the transportation department of GE for the new Hyb resign purpose.2. Life-cycleSource able from Robert E. Quinn and Kim Cameron, Organizational lifecycle and Shifting Criteria of effectiveness Some Preliminary Evidence, Management science 29 (1983), 33-51 and Larry E. Greiner, Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow, Harvard Business Review 50 (July-August 1972), 37-46 (Cited in Organizational Theory and Design Daft et al, 2010)In equipment casualty of structure, GE was focused on having close relationship with all members of staff, with mild guild type thi nking where everybody was on first name avocation basis. In a speech by Jack Welch in his nett management meeting he stressed the hobby, Fight like st wholeness to keep the small company spirit, involve everyone, strengthener broadly note Celebrate Celebrate Hate bureaucracy, hate it every day and dont be afr encourage to use the word hate, laugh at bureaucrats and get rid of Layers chafe fun of layers, joke about layers. They slow, they insulate, and they are what cheap pot do in lieu of reconcile raises for people. (Jack Welch, 2000)As for products and services, JackWelch shifted GE distribution channel of credit from purely manufacturing to financial services through numerous acquisitions. A list of GE products include Aviation, lighting, electric distri only whenion, media and entertainment, energy, oil and fuck up, finance- consumer, finance- business, rail, pissing, healthcare.Reward and soften systems in GE where extensive, tailored to product and department. Th e reward system was greatly differentiated by Jack Welch and he did so mainly base on performance and those who fai conduct where fired from the company.Jack Welch differentiated employees by implementing pay for performance matrices applied to all GE staff where he tier staff from outstanding to unacceptable and bonuses were based on these ratings. Any who take flight below par were eliminated from the company. (Jim Pinto, 2007)The main focus and goal of the company is to reserve their re identifyation as well as complete organization. The stress on reputation was also paramount in GE a summons from Jack Welch the retiring GEO attests to that fact. Just nearone doing more or lessthing stupid from a lawful point and bringing tarnish to the company and destroying themselves and their families in the process (Jack Welch, 2000). pass management style means team apostrophize, attack bureaucracy. As to begin with quoted we see the emphasis on attack of bureaucracy and the team approach support by the then CEO Jack Welch.Organization reached academic degree maturity and may encounter periods of temporary decline. Figure 2 (Taken from investorguide.com) acts as evidence showing the company stocks at a decline from 2001 when Jeff Immelt took everywhere as CEO from Jack Welch. This was as a publication of international factors such as the post internet bubble stock grocery store drop and the downturn in the economy which resulted in the drop of authorisation of investors in big organizations especially after the post Enron scam.Figure 2 GE Stock Chart(Taken from investorguide.com)Need for revitalization-The decline of stocks and net income in GE indicated a need for revitalization in the company. The Company shares was work at $23 compared to its $60 in August 2000 ,and the modest sum up in wages on revenues by 7% compared to the double digits delivered by the former CEO. There was a need therefore to correct company performance and this could no t be well-bred by replicating the aforementioned(prenominal) dodging of his predecessor. He therefore embarked on a change in scheme focusing on total egression through technological leadership, commercial message excellence and global expansion.3. Immelts goalsIt is apparent that in the year 2000 after Jack Welch retired from GE, Jeff Immelt who was elected by the board members of the company became the new CEO. However, at the same time, the global economy was experiencing a significant downturn, which exerted some detrimental influences on GE. As a result, Immelt did not have an easy situation and besides, he tried to combat the scotch problems. Most importantly, he could not model the business scheme used by Jack Welch his predecessor since the economic environment had changed significantly in the last several eld.Generally speaking, Immelt cherished to make a big revolution to the company and besides, Brady (2005) found that Immelt had resolved to make GE frame an ripe and creative company or else than a process- lie one. in addition, GE had to shift its maintenance from cost-cutting to rise up new products, improve services and open up new marketplaces. In order to come upon this goal, GE should make a host of changes, particularly in four-spot lands. Specifically, in terms of the organic harvest-home, the most famous action was the image breakthrough (IB) which can generate 100milllion dollars in new business during some years and took GE into a new line of business or markets (Prokesch, 2008). after that time, GE developed some famous and successful IBs, such as EVO and GML. Furthermore, Immelt wanted the company to be innovative and creative. Consequently, in 2002, GE began to engaging in new fields, such as oil and gas engineering science, water technology as well as paying untold anxiety to the research and development. The research group found that some authentic areas with the potentials to bring huge profits to GE s hould be taken into stipulation by GE, such as biotechnology.Despite the organic growth, Immelt also hoped GE enter into a stable growth trajectory. As a result, the purpose of Ecomagination materialized, since it is a huge business opportunity and most importantly, it is an immerging trend in the economy which can bring GE sustainable and long-term growth sort of than only a few months. Immelt denote in 2005 that GE had prepared to focus its incoming to the eco-friendly technology, such as clean water and clean energy. Makower (2005) also found that almost every year, GE dedicates a vast amount of money in cleaner technologies, thereby ontogenesis some eco-friendly products. Moreover, GE tried its best to reduce the greenhouse firing off by 1% as well as make some alternative energy, such as hybrid-dual-fuel, which can bring huge profits to GE and improve its reputation in the global market.The third area which Immelt wanted to focus on is the development of infrastructures . After setting his goal, Immelt invested a large amount of money in upgrading the RD facilities and set up some research centers in other countries, including Shanghai and Munich. Furthermore, GE expanded its emerge market in China, India, and Africa.GE also gave prior(prenominal)ity to the marketing. Brady (2005) made a definition to the marketing a companys marketing group should pay attention to understanding the market needs and meet customers demands rather than just take in slogans for the products.4. Changes in Organizational StructureGE underwent a change in the basic structure of the organization in several aspects. Specifically, The world(a) seek internality agenda became more long term oriented rather than focus on short product development as it had in the past the GRCs agenda became more oriented towards the long-term. (bartlett pear et al, 2008). Besides, the organization had a more commercially oriented perspective to its decisions Immelt wanted the organizati on to turn its attention to the marketplace and to bring in a more commercially oriented perspective to its decisions. (Bartlett et al, 2008).Furthermore, Increase in Human Resources by the reinstatement of foreman marketing officer role formally abolished. In one of Immelts first appointment, Beth Comstock was named GEs chief marketing officer, a position Welch had abolished decades earlier. (Bartlett et al, 2008). Moreover, The external recruitment of human resources a formally uncommon practice in GE. Because of the shortage of internal talent, many of these marketing leaders had to be recruited from the outside, an uncommon practice at GE. (Bartlett et al, 2008). The composition of commercial council and experienced commercial leadership program are to oversee and drive change and the slowdown of job gyrations, so that the mangers can develop more in depth market and technological know takege. Immelt also encouraged an innovative nature in his employees and to take more risk s and possibly fail, which was opposite to the immaculate completion of objectives formerly encouraged in Jack Welchs era.5. Trade-offsIn order to implement the shift in strategical focus from the interior to marketing, Immelt realigned the human resource by recruiting marketing leaders from outside to shroud the lack of internal talent and forming the Experienced Commercial Leadership course to integrate newcomers into GEs culture and system. In terms of global expansion, which is also one of the Immelts strategies, Comte increased the Transportation marketing staff by 18 people. These implementations led to extra investment in terms of increasing personnel and learning newcomers.On the other hand, instead of operating efficiency and cost-cutting, Immelt focused on technology leadership by upgrading RD facility, upping RD budget 14% and authorizing two Global Research Centers in Shanghai and Munich. The change caused higher costs and more resources necessary in terms of RD.R ather than focusing on short-term RD as it had before, GE concentrated mainly on the long term. Furthermore, as one of Immelts management styles, spending longer on develop products is prior to acquiring companies for technology, compared to previously consistent growth primarily through acquisitions. Therefore, the result required longer time to reflect on profit.Immelt slowed the job rotation in order to develop growth leaders with deeper understanding in expertise such as market and technological knowledge. Moreover, the evaluation and reward processes which had focused on flawless and short-term execution were adjusted in order to encourage employees to take risks. As a result, although improving maestro skills and entry, these changes led to lower operating efficiency.6. RisksIn terms of earning per share, the average growth per annum from 1981 to 2000 as Welch was the CEO remained 23%, while only 7% from 2001 to 2009 when Immelt changed the strategic focus. Furthermore, foc using on long-term, more modernized and more limited RD projects led to larger uncertainty of the business, which strength be hazardous due to its innovation and unknown market acceptability. Therefore, although these changes represent a new era of GE, shareholders might lose their faith of the company.On the other hand, one of the GEs major divisions is GE capital services. From late 1980s, GE Capital Services increased more often than not and by 2000 it accounted for almost half of the total sales of GE Consolidated. However, Immelt put more emphasis back on GE industrial, and the operating profit fell overwhelmingly from US$6,593 in 2004 to US$2344 in 2009. (GE one-year Report, 2009) There was a symbiotic relation between GE Industrial and GE Capital Service. As Jack Welch was CEO, the main strategy of growing industrial division was acquisition because remaining profit of GE industrial enabled GE to be ranked as industrial company so that GE Capital Services could borrow at cheap rank and lend at higher rates, the fact how GECS increased its revenue. Immelt, nevertheless, abandoned the strategy of acquisition and upgraded the RD budget in order to enhance GE industrial because he wanted to make GE as a research-based and innovative enterprise. This move led to a collapse of the balance between GE Industrial and GECS and might cause potential risk in GE because GECS accounted for more than 40% sales revenue of total. (Froud, 2005)7. Transportation recommendationBesides the EVO, GE also prepared to focus its attention to the hybrid project since it is the perfect candidate to fit into the Ecomagination project which GE just announced and committed to save the environment. Hybrid was a project which aimed to reduce the venting and captures the energy generated during braking and stores it with the batteries. Consequently, by using the hybrid, it could reduce fuel consumption by almost 15% compared with other locomotives, which was helpful to the custome rs, environment and GE. However, the costs for developing the batteries and hybrid technology were extremely high and GEs limited finances and engine room resources required GE to weigh the opportunity cost of embarking on this project. These factors required the transportation division of GE to come up with three accomplishable scenarios The first option would be to explain that while the project as currently defined appeared to have very limited to short- to medium-term commercial viability, the business would commit to it as an IB and continue to explore alternative ways to make it successfulThe second approach would be to acknowledge the hybrids long-term potential, but suggest that it be placed on hold as in IB, perhaps by transferring primary responsibility to the Global Research Center to work on the battery technology in collaboration with sundry(a) GE businesses including Transportation-that had an interest in its developmentThe final alternative would be to recommend t hat the company acknowledge the fact that after three years of hard work on Hybrid, neither the technology development nor the market acceptance of the concept had indicated that it could be a viable commercial mesmerism in the foreseeable future, and therefore that it be dropped as an IB.After considering all the elements, GE should opt for the second option by the following reasons. First, to hold hybrid as an IB and meanwhile to develop the present technology may help GE to not only remain the leading(a) position among the present market but move forward to the future by researching in future trend. Furthermore, it would be relatively less risky than the first option due to the separation of the investment. The increased emphasis on gas emissions ensure that the hybrid engine will definitely become a necessity for the rail transport industry, this is also in line with Immelts goals for GE to be the 1st in innovative technology and embarking on trends that cannot be easily imita ted.The battery technology when completed can be used for alternative businesses in GE there by helping the company to be green and promote the environment. Due to the environmental wideness of the project GE can solicit help from the presidency to aid with the cost for the development of this new technology as highlighted by Bartlett et al (2008), Compte explained that his marketing organization had located some potential government funding for hybrid project.8. ConclusionIn conclusion GE is a company with strong strength of organizational cultures and uses task type of organizational culture. It was identified in the case study to be at the involution stage of the lifecycle chart at the time Immelt was made the new CEO of the company. The company was at the revival stage of organizational development, he accomplished this by changing the company from a result oriented unopen system to a process oriented open system.Moreover it is an organic organization which uses learning to improve its organizational and managerial capabilities. As a result it has diversified quality production and can be future in its environment, strategies and technology.Word Count 2492

Changes In The NHL :: essays research papers

Changes In The NHLIn the other(prenominal) there were more goals, less penalties, and never any talk intimately an surpassing size rink, all that has changed in the last few years. The NHL has changed since the penetration of, the new seam regulate, the enforcement of obstruction, and the request for an Olympic size rink.The new crease rule is the most controversial rule change that the NHL has ever introduced. in that respect has been less goals since the players have not been allowed to have even a walk in the goal crease when a player scores a goal. The old rule was that players were allowed to be in the crease as retentive as they dont interfere with the goalie. The NHL has since made the crease small so that there is less chance of a player universe in the crease, but that hasnt changed the fact that players are still in the crease when a playerscores a goal. On clean there has been at least two goals a night called clog since the new crease rule.The obstruction r ule has been one of the best rule changes ever in the NHL. Players are not allowed to interfere with other players if they are going into the play were the puck is. This new rule has cleaned up the risque of hockey tremendously. Some of the obstruction calls are, obstruction hooking, obstruction holding, obstruction tripping, so on, and so forth. When the obstruction rule first came into effect there was modal value more penalties, now the penalties are becoming less.The request for an Olympic size rink still has not been approved by the NHL. The NHL has talked about upgrading their continual size rink to an Olympic size one. If the NHL comes to an agreement to go to the Olympic size rink, the game would be a constituent faster, a lot more open, and there would be many more great peck up plays.

Essay --

The Umayyad worry was maven of the foremost clans of the Quraysh tribe. Uthman was the the third Righteous Caliph, was the first Umayyad caliph. end-to-end his tenure (644-655), he appointed and provided advantages to the members of his clan for various key positions in specific, Muawiya b. Abi Sufyan was granted the governorship of Syria. Upon the accession of Ali to the caliphate, Muawiya denied paying him perks, and in 658 the Syrians recognized Muawiya as caliph. That social class he retained control of Egypt following Alis death in 661, he restrained Iraq and then formally established himself as caliph. The first pull out of Umayyads were the Sufyanids (descendants of Abu Sufyan) who directed from 661- 684. Under Muawiya (661-680) the capital of the Muslim domain was moved to Damascus. He is credited with raising a highly-trained armed detachment of Syrian fighters which was use to elaborate Muslim administration east into Khorasan and west into North Africa. Muawiya what is more commanded excursions into Anatolia starting in 672 which culminated in a failed three-year control of Constantinople (674-677). He unplowed the administrative organisations left by the Byzantines and Persians but consolidated his administration by appointing kinsmen to key mails. Before his death, Muawiya protected allegiance to his son, Yazid, therefore introducing dynastic period to Muslim direct. Muawiya was the child of Abu Sufyan, the foremost of the Abd Shams clan. Most of the constituents of Abd Shams had turned down Muhammads sibylline objective until Muhammads conquest of Mecca in 630. Muawiya and his dad are advised to be among those enemies who were reconciled to Islam through gifts. Muawiya then assisted as one of Muhammads scribes. Thro... ...ng Greek and Pahlavi.For all that, the Umayyads, during the ninety years of their leadership, seldom agitated off their empires consideration as a mulk - that is, a worldly kingdom - and in the run short years of the dynasty their adversaries formed a mystery organization dedicated to push the claims to the caliphate put ahead by a descendant of al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, an uncle of the Prophet. By quick-witted groundwork, this organization rallied to its origin numerous mutually hostile assemblies in Khorasan and Iraq and declare Abu al-Abbas caliph. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the last Umayyad caliph, was beaten and the Syrians, still trusted to the Umayyads, were put to rout. Only one man of importance got away the catastrophe - Abd al-Rahman ibn Muawiyah al-Dakhil, a juvenile prince who with a trusted servant escaped to Spain and in 756 set up an Umayyad Dynasty there.

Uncovering Teachers’ Varying Views on Reading and Writing Instruction

Through an exploratory pack, authors Poulson, Avramidis, Fox, Medwell and Wray, investigated how 225 good teachers of literacy viewed certain literacy approaches/strategies and considered how their educational backgrounds influenced these views. This study besides included a group composed of 71 mathematicss coordinators, which served as a comparison to the effective teachers of literacy. The instructional views of the effective teachers of literacy were comp atomic number 18d to the instructional views of the math coordinators. Having a profession in research or education gives these authors license to write about and share information on this topic of study. Poulson, Fox, and Medwell are education lecturers at universities. Avramidis is a Research Fellow and Wray is an education professor. The authors nominate experience gives credibility to this study. This study conducted in 1996-1998, appeared in a 2001 interlingual rendition of Research Papers in Education. This article critique provides a heavyset of the exploratory study, discusses the relevance of the study to the classroom and determines how these authors define literacy.Content compendiousThis exploratory study sought to reveal effective teachers views of teaching schooling and indite, in correspondence to their qualifications, and furthermore, compare the effective teachers views to a group of math coordinators. This exploratory study involved 225 effective teachers of literacy and 71 math coordinators, which served as a comparison group. The comparison group incorporated various levels of potential (some were considered to be more effective than others). The teachers were selected from primary schools in Britain. The qualifications of the participants included effective teachers education... ...r own views impact their reading and writing instruction. I determined that the literacy description present in this study is reading and writing reading by decoding words, previewing and repea ting new words, and guessing unfamiliar words and writing by focusing on content versus correct spelling, varying the think audience, and considering elements of presentation. I would recommend this study to any grade level teacher, literacy coach, or curriculum developer. After reading this article, these individuals could reflect on how their own views could be influencing their instruction.Works CitedPoulson, L., Avramidis, E., Fox, R., Medwell, J., & Wray, D. (2001). The theoretical beliefs of effective teachers of literacy in primary schools An exploratory study of orientations to reading and writing. Research Papers in Education, 16(3), 271-292.

The Womens Movement Essays -- United States History Women Essays

The Womens MovementWorks Cited MissingThe womens movement began in the nineteenth century when groups of women began to speak out against the feeling of separation, in tolerableity, and limits that seemed to be pose on women because of their sex (Debois 18). By combining two aspects of the past, ante-bellum reform political science and the anti-slavery movement, women were able to gain k without delayledge of leadership on how to deal with the Womens Right Movement and with this knowledge led the way to transform womens social standing (Dubois 23). Similarly, the movement that make the largest advert on American societies of the 1960s and 1970s was the Civil Right Movement, which in turn moved(p) the womens movement (Freeman 513). According to informant Betsie Cole, at age 46 and an instructor at East Tennessee State University, the womens movement made a large jolt on her life growing up and she is hitherto able to see the changes that the womens movement has made in connect ion.Cole states that women did not have to be directly involved in the twentieth century womens movement to feel and notice the impact it had on society. Cole, for example, notes that even though she wasnt in an organization to care support the womens movement until she was in college, it still made an impact on her during her high school years. The modern movement was just acquiring into gear when I was in high school and that was my formative years. That thinking about- well, what is a womens role? What am I supposed to be after high school? stated Cole.Cole considers this era a period of questioning mainly because college was considered a choice at the clipping when she was graduating high school.Are you way out to work or are you going to start a fami... ...al interest concerning small sections of feminism rather indeed the whole picture, Cole said. Maybe the fragmenting of the womens movement has to do with slightly women being so comfortable in todays society that they feel no need to press on to gain more social tintity. The movement has made a lot of progress in changing the views that society has caste on women by aiding in the accomplishments for equal rights. College is not presented as a choice for women, but rather a choice for both sexes, right along with choosing a career and working. minded(p) that men do have more benefits with pay and support, but now women are not looked down on for going to college. Striving for equal rights and opportunities is still a major issue for women and probably will be for years to come. Cole summed it up best by saying, I still believe that one person can change the world