Towards Evaluating the Relationship between Gender Stereotypes Culture

Modernization and science has freed people’s perception and consciousness from many retrogressive traditions, having exposed them to be socially illusionary, economically unproductive, and politically partisan.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Towards Evaluating the Relationship between Gender Stereotypes Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, no one in the 21st century would now challenge the fact that no race, creed, or nationality is superior to another. However, several stereotypes to date remain untouched. And one, in particular, is the notion that gender intrinsically determines an individual’s psyche, occupation, and social standing in society (Kluchko, 2010). This notion has heralded a multiplicity of other incomplete and inaccurate beliefs, fueled by our varying cultural dispositions, and encoded in our linguistic expressions as well as in normative discourses. It is therefore the object of this paper to examine the relationship between gender stereotypes and culture with a view to elucidating how gender stereotypes, reinforced by our diverse cultural beliefs, continue to allocate roles along the tenets of gender. Gender stereotypes has been defined by Kluchko (2010) as the â€Å"†¦totality of fixed ideas about the natural determination of male and female social characteristics† (p. 75). Current literature as revealed by Cuddy et al. (2009) and Lenton et al. (2009) demonstrate that culture, which can be simply defined as a people’s way of life, employs powerful and influential representations to vehicle and maintain these stereotypes. Indeed, it is the opinion of many researchers and theorists that there exist distinct division between male and female throughout all cultures, and more so in the division of labor and wealth ownership. From the list of Occupations and Gender provided, a pattern was formed upon responding to the questions, which saw more complicated roles being allocated to men and less technical jobs being allocated to women. The list revealed that some complicated roles such as doctor, lawyer, taxi-driver, pilot, mechanic, and architect have more traditional masculine traits, while other less complicated roles such as baby sitter, chef, designer, and make-up artist have more traditional feminine traits.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such a pattern only serves to perpetuate the conceptual difference between men and women, not mentioning that it reveals the veracity and dynamism of modern-day gender stereotypes and their ability to cut across cultural boundaries (Tripathy, 2010). Both responses from the list revealed some similarities and differences. Most similarities revolved around the complexity of a particular role and the gender to be allocated such a role. More complex rol es, as indicated above, were allocated to men across the two responses, while less complex roles were allocated to women. For instance, roles of doctor, lawyer, pilot, and architect were all allocated to men, while roles of baby sitter, chef, and make-up artist were allocated to women. Some differences were noted, though, especially in roles that were neither too complex nor too easy. These roles include that of a school-teacher and dancer. In all dimensions, our cultural backgrounds affected the perceptions that were drawn. Cultural disposition, according to Campbell Collaer (2009), is a major component and influencer of how society delegates roles according to gender. The observations from the list demonstrate how different cultures across the world employ similar but unrelated normative values and stereotypes to assign roles for men and women in relation to the roles’ complexity (Lenton et al., 2009). By taking into account culturally learned characteristics, men are view ed as more masculine and therefore able to handle more complex roles, while women are traditionally viewed as more feminine and malleable, thus unfit to be entrusted with complex roles. In short, this is a reflection of gender stereotypes. Culture, particularly in African and Asian countries, is largely viewed as unchanging and oppressive, to some extent fossilized and frozen in time. When one is born, he is internalized into this unchanging culture along with its rules, normative values, and beliefs (Tripathy, 2010). In consequence, if one is born into a culture that has biased constructions of femininity and masculinity, chances are that he will remain with the internalized notion of division of labor for a long time, and will also make biased decisions as to what roles fits men and what roles fits women, thus falling into a spin of cultural essentialism (Tripathy, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Towards Evaluating the Relationship between Ge nder Stereotypes Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most cultures across the world delegates simple roles to women, while the more professional and financially fulfilling roles are the preserve of men. Kluchko (2010) puts it right by observing that â€Å"†¦for a woman, housewife and mother is considered the most significant social role. She is assigned to the private sphere of life: home, giving birth to children and responsibility for interrelations in the family is entrusted to her† (p. 75). Such cultural orientations affected the perceptions drawn in the Occupations and Gender list. However, the differences noted in the list demonstrate that gender stereotypes are not natural dispositions, but are founded on gender ideologies and are culturally constructed. A meta-analytic review on automatic gender stereotypes found that there exist a lot of gender stereotypes in the workplace (Lenton et al., 2009). Indeed, some CEOs are to date unconvinced that a woman is able to handle a managerial position in their organizations. Indeed, Kluchko (2010) observes that â€Å"†¦according to traditional ideas, it is assumed that women’s work should be in the nature of doing and serving, part of the expressive sphere of activity† (p. 75). But this must not be allowed to continue. Tripathy (2010) argues that women, the main culprits of gender stereotypes, need to be empowered to be creative and endeavor to achieve more. Lenton et al. (2009) argues that employees should be educated and coached so as not to resist change. Resistance to change has been highlighted by Campbell Collaer (2009) as one of the contributing factors towards gender stereotypes. Lastly, employees need to avoid experiences or environments that may activate gender stereotyping. All in all, society needs to shed off some of these inaccurate and incomplete beliefs such as gender stereotypes. Reference List Campbell, S.M., Collaer, M.L. (2009). Stereotype threat and gender differences in performance on a novel visuospatial task. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(4), 437-444. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database Cuddy, A.J.C., Fiske, S.T., Kwan, V.S.Y., Glick, P., Demoulin, S†¦Palacios, M. (2009). Stereotype content model across cultures: Towards universal similarities and some differences. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(1), 1-33. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier DatabaseAdvertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kluchko, O.I. (2010). Gender stereotyping in studying pressing social problems. Anthropology Archeology of Eurasia, 49(1), 75-91. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database Lenton, A.P., Bruder, M., Sedikides, C. (2009). A meta-analysis on the malleability of automatic gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(2), 183-196. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database Tripathy, J. (2010). How gendered is gender and development? Culture, masculinity, and gender difference. Development in Practice, 20(1), 113-121. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database This research paper on Towards Evaluating the Relationship between Gender Stereotypes Culture was written and submitted by user Zeigeist to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Article The in Geographical Names

The Article The in Geographical Names The Article The in Geographical Names The Article The in Geographical Names By Mark Nichol When is it appropriate to use the article the in geographical names? Some types of terms are consistent, but for other categories, usage differs depending on the type of name. The following discussion lists categorical examples and explains why the is used with some designations and not others. Geopolitical names usually do not require an article: Names of thoroughfares rarely, if ever, have one: â€Å"First Avenue† and â€Å"Main Street,† for example, are not preceded by the, and though Broadway as a name for a thoroughfare used to be styled â€Å"the Broadway,† this usage is long extinct. However, highways and other major concourses often have a descriptive name such as â€Å"the Pacific Coast Highway,† and though numbered routes do not require an article, many people in (or from) Southern California will refer, for example, to â€Å"the I-5† rather than simply I-5 as an abbreviation for â€Å"Interstate 5.† (This usage is apparently customary in Ontario, Canada, as well, and the British refer to their highways as â€Å"the A-1† and so on.) Names of municipalities, with one significant exception- The Hague, in the Netherlands- do not require an article, though names of countries sometimes include the, as in the example earlier in this sentence and in â€Å"the Philippines,† when the nation’s appellation describes a number of areas or islands. (However, note that with the peculiar exception of â€Å"The Hague,† the article is never capitalized in such usage.) Individual islands do not include the in their names (except in descriptive designations such as â€Å"the Big Island† for the island of Hawaii as distinct from the collection of islands of which it is the largest), but names of islands generally include the article as in â€Å"the Philippines† (or, sometimes, â€Å"the Philippine Islands†); some names always include or exclude the geographical term (â€Å"the Channel Islands,† but â€Å"the Hebrides†). The is not used before names of continents, however, though it is employed in reference to parts of landmasses such as in â€Å"the Arabian Peninsula†). In naming larger, areas, too, the is employed, as in â€Å"the West† and â€Å"the Middle East†; the same is true of designations of points on the globe, such â€Å"the South Pole† and â€Å"the Equator.† Names of rivers, gulfs, seas, and oceans always include the, but, oddly, those of creeks and lakes do not, except for the latter in descriptive names like â€Å"the Great Salt Lake† or collective designations such as â€Å"the Great Lakes.† (Descriptive names of watercourses such as â€Å"Sandy Creek† do not follow this rule.) Names of bays vary in usage: Both â€Å"San Francisco Bay† and â€Å"the San Francisco Bay† are heard, for example, and though including the is the exception rather than the rule, it is integral in such names as â€Å"the Bay of Biscay† where the geographical term comes first. Mountains generally do not have the in their names, except in such descriptive cases as â€Å"the Matterhorn† or in reference to mountain ranges (â€Å"the Rocky Mountains† or â€Å"the Rockies,† â€Å"the Andes†). Names of features such as deserts and forests, however, almost always follow the in American usage (such as â€Å"the Allegheny National Forest†), though in the United Kingdom, in references to forests and woods, the article is omitted (as in â€Å"Sherwood Forest†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Capitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and MovementsGrammar Review #1: Particles and Phrasal Verbs

Superintendent Office Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Superintendent Office - Coursework Example Additionally, political developments within the district where the superintendents operate also infringe the course of service delivery and responsibility fulfillment by the representatives. Such politics include the processes of election leading to the selection of the board of governors alongside other education leaders in the district. These factors considered relating to the case that superintendent Mark faces within his locality of administration. The federal and state guidelines institute the position of the Superintendent within the district to operate in their capacity of overseeing education in the district (Sofo, 2008). The Superintendent is the CEO of the district school board and manages the entire responsibilities spanning from the hiring of staff to overseeing the education standards, budget, and resource planning and allocations and being the contact point to the government agencies (Sofo, 2008). Therefore, with these immense responsibilities, this core person in the education sector faces remarkably overwhelming challenges that institute the need to establish strong administrative guidelines. The federal and state laws are key in guiding the roles of the superintendent office, as they facilitate the regulatory frameworks of the office. First, the roles and responsibilities of the superintendent office are outlined within the confines of the federal law and recognized accordingly by each of the state laws as established. Thus, the federal and state laws influence the role of the superintendent accordingly from this perspective, that they facilitate and ensure the protection of the office from abuse and malpractices (Meek, 2012). The establishment of the responsibilities means that the superintendent office enjoys protection from the political influences that may impair the course of the decisions that the person in the office makes regarding education.

Case 1 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

1 - Case Study Example In the current allocation, male athletes are allocated $36, 760, female athletes allocated $29, 084 thus making the difference to be $7, 676hence taking KSU away from complying with the Title IX because it does not relate well with the indirect costs used in the scenario. The total cost per male and female student athlete if football is eliminated will be 29, 101for male and29084 for women. The total cost per women did not change because they did not participate in football. However, the total cost per men reduced because the number of footballers was reduced. The current cost per athlete is almost average making it fair in terms of Title IX. 3. Additional of female’s hockey team will reduce the cost per female athlete from 29, 084 to 25,689 while the cost per athlete for male athletes will remain unchanged. This will be against Title IX because the difference in cost is higher per athlete thus implying that less cost is allocated per female compared to what is put for male athletes. The additional cost will reduce the direct cost while indirect cost will remain unchanged though the increase in number of female athletes will mean that indirect cost will be reduced. The institution should ensure that the total cost per athlete is equal regardless of gender as stated by Title IX. That is the only sure way they can comply with the act. 4. When the number of events is used as a basis of calculating indirect cost, the total indirect cost for male athletes will be 3.817,029 while that for female athletes will be 4,061,469. In that regard, the total cost per athlete will be 33, 6262 for males while that of females will be 34, 904. This is fairer as per the Title IX because the cost per athlete is slightly close implying that the organization allocates almost similar amount of cost to all the athletes regardless of their age. Female athletes have more events

Critical Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Review - Article Example It is essential therefore for a financially responsible college or university to have a balanced budget within which expenditures remain contained in the available revenues available. A significant reduction in the available net assets of such an institution thus becomes a cause of concern and might signify financial instability. This paper summarizes the ideas expressed in an article done by Dr. Houston Davis. It focuses majorly on higher education, accounting and how technology has affected budgeting in these institutions. Biography of the author Dr. Houston Davis, a native of Clarksville was recently named as the university system of Georgia’s new chief academic officer and executive vice chancellor. Over the years Dr. Houston has been identified for his valuable experience combined with his fine ability in providing leadership in pertinence to the system’s core academic mission purposing to create a twenty first century educational model. He holds a PhD from Vanderb ilt University, Nashville; a Master’s in education from Tennessee state university and a bachelor’s in political science from the University of Memphis. He is and has been continuously involved in writing and research projects in areas of governance, higher education access, accountability and fund management in higher education and economic development. He serves on several national and regional advisory groups in higher education policies academic preparation, accountability and degree completion. Dr. Houston Davis has served in the educational sector for quite some time. In (2001-2005) he worked in the field of academic leadership for Austin Peay State University in Clarksville. In addition to these professional duties he served in the role of director for the National Educational Needs Index between 2004 and 2011. This initiative was aimed at measuring educational, social, economic and intense population pressure among the 50 states which affect policy and planning in national, regional and local levels. Following this until 2007, he worked in the same field serving as associate vice chancellor for Academic affairs for the Tennessee Board of Regents. He had also worked previously worked in the Tennessee higher education commission in the areas of fiscal and academic affairs between 1997 and 2001. It is recorded that he worked as a regional student recruitment and advancement representative in the University of Memphis. (1995-1997) Summary of the article Accounting With reference to a 1996-1997 data from the national center for education statistics, net revenues in public institutions have their source in four main channels; tuition and fees (19%), state funds (36%), sales and services (22%) and federal funds (11%). Private institutions on the other hand receive their revenues from the same categories though in different degrees; tuition and fees (43%). State funds (2%), sales and services (21%) and federal funds (14%). Although a significant amount does come from the government in public institutions, both the public and private sector have increased their reliance upon revenues from tuition and fees for their improvement funding (National Center for Education Statistics, 2000). With expenditures majorly being

Compressive Sensing: Performance Comparison of Measurement

Compressive Sensing: Performance Comparison of Measurement Compressive Sensing: A Performance Comparison of Measurement Matrices Y. Arjoune, N. Kaabouch, H. El Ghazi, and A. Tamtaoui AbstractCompressive sensing paradigm involves three main processes: sparse representation, measurement, and sparse recovery process. This theory deals with sparse signals using the fact that most of the real world signals are sparse. Thus, it uses a measurement matrix to sample only the components that best represent the sparse signal. The choice of the measurement matrix affects the success of the sparse recovery process. Hence, the design of an accurate measurement matrix is an important process in compressive sensing. Over the last decades, several measurement matrices have been proposed. Therefore, a detailed review of these measurement matrices and a comparison of their performances is needed. This paper gives an overview on compressive sensing and highlights the process of measurement. Then, proposes a three-level measurement matrix classification and compares the performance of eight measurement matrices after presenting the mathematical model of each matrix. Several experimen ts are performed to compare these measurement matrices using four evaluation metrics which are sparse recovery error, processing time, covariance, and phase transition diagram. Results show that Circulant, Toeplitz, and Partial Hadamard measurement matrices allow fast reconstruction of sparse signals with small recovery errors. Index Terms Compressive sensing, sparse representation, measurement matrix, random matrix, deterministic matrix, sparse recovery. TRADITIONAL data acquisition techniques acquire N samples of a given signal sampled at a rate at least twice the Nyquist rate in order to guarantee perfect signal reconstruction. After data acquisition, data compression is needed to reduce the high number of samples because most of the signals are sparse and need few samples to be represented. This process is time consuming because of the large number of samples acquired. In addition, devices are often not able to store the amount of data generated. Therefore, compressing sensing is necessary to reduce the processing time and the number of samples to be stored. This sensing technique includes data acquisition and data compression in one process. It exploits the sparsity of the signal to recover the original sparse signal from a small set of measurements [1]. A signal is sparse if only a few components of this signal are nonzero.   Compressive sensing has proven itself as a promising solution for high-density signals and has major a pplications ranging from image processing [2] to wireless sensor networks [3-4], spectrum sensing in cognitive radio [5-8], and channel estimation [9-10].   As shown in Fig. 1. compressive sensing involves three main processes: sparse representation, measurement, and sparse recovery process. If signals are not sparse, sparse representation projects the signal on a suitable basis so the signal can be sparse. Examples of sparse representation techniques are Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) [11]. The measurement process consists of selecting a few measurements,   from the sparse signal that best represents the signal where. Mathematically, this process consists of multiplying the sparse signal by a measurement matrix. This matrix has to have a small mutual coherence or satisfy the Restricted Isometry Property. The sparse recovery process aims at recovering the sparse signal from the few measurements selected in the measurement process given the measurement matrix ÃŽ ¦. Thus, the sparse recovery problem is an undetermined system of linear equations, which has an inf inite number of solutions. However, sparsity of the signal and the small mutual coherence of the measurement matrix ensure a unique solution to this problem, which can be formulated as a linear optimization problem. Several algorithms have been proposed to solve this sparse recovery problem. These algorithms can be classified into three main categories: Convex and Relaxation category [12-14], Greedy category [15-20], and Bayesian category [21-23]. Techniques under the Convex and Relaxation category solve the sparse recovery problem through optimization algorithms such as Gradient Descent and Basis Pursuit. These techniques are complex and have a high recovery time. As an alternative solution to reduce the processing time and speed up the recovery, Greedy techniques have been proposed which build the solution iteratively. Examples of these techniques include Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) and its derivatives. These Greedy techniques are faster but sometimes inefficient. Bayesian b ased techniques which use a prior knowledge of the sparse signal to recover the original sparse signal can be a good approach to solve sparse recovery problem. Examples of these techniques include Bayesian via Laplace Prior (BSC-LP), Bayesian via Relevance Vector Machine (BSC-RVM), and Bayesian via Belief Propagation (BSC-BP). In general, the existence and the uniqueness of the solution are guaranteed as soon as the measurement matrix used to sample the sparse signal satisfies some criteria. The two well-known criteria are the Mutual Coherence Property (MIP) and the Restricted Isometry Property (RIP) [24]. Therefore, the design of measurement matrices is an important process in compressive sensing. It involves two fundamental steps: 1) selection of a measurement matrix and 2) determination of the number of measurements necessary to sample the sparse signal without losing the information stored in it. A number of measurement matrices have been proposed. These matrices can be classified into two main categories: random and deterministic. Random matrices are generated by identical or independent distributions such as Gaussian, Bernoulli, and random Fourier ensembles. These matrices are of two types: unstructured and structured.  Ã‚   Unstructured type matrices are generated randomly following a given distribution. Example of these matrices include Gaussian, Bernoulli, and Uniform. These matrices are easy to construct and satisfy the RIP with high probability [26]; however, because of the randomness, they present some drawbacks such as high computation and costly hardware implementation [27]. Structured type matrices are generated following a given structure. Examples of matrices of this type include the random partial Fourier and the random partial Hadamard. On the other hand, deterministic matrices are constructed deterministically to have a small mutual coherence or satisfy the RIP. Matrices of this category are of two types: semi-deterministic and full-deterministic. Semi-deterministic type matrices have a deterministic construction that involves the randomness in the process of construction. Example of semi-deterministic type matrices are Toeplitz and Circulant matrices [31]. Full-deterministic type matrices have a pure deterministic construction. Examples of this type measurement matrices include second-order Reed-Muller codes [28], Chirp sensing matrices [29], binary Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes [30], and quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check code (QC-LDPC) matrix [32]. Several papers that provide a performance comparison of deterministic and random matrices have been published. For instance, Monajemi et al. [43] describe some semi-deterministic matrices such as Toeplitz and Circulant and show that their phase transition diagrams are similar as those of the random Gaussian matrices. In [11], the authors provide a survey on the applications of compressive sensing, highlight the drawbacks of unstructured random measurement matrices, and they present the advantages of some full-deterministic measurement matrices. In [27], the authors provide a survey on full-deterministic matrices (Chirp, second order Reed-Muller matrices, and Binary BCH matrices) and their comparison with unstructured random matrices (Gaussian, Bernoulli, Uniform matrices). All these papers provide comparisons between two types of matrices of the same category or from two types of two different categories. However, to the best of knowledge, no previous work compared the performances of measurement matrices from the two categories and all types: random unstructured, random structured, semi-deterministic, and full-deterministic. Thus, this paper addresses this gap of knowledge by providing an in depth overview of the measurement process and comparing the performances of eight measurement matrices, two from each type. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we give the mathematical model behind compressive sensing. In Section 3, we provide a three-level classification of measurement matrices. Section 4 gives the mathematical model of each of the eight measurement matrices. Section 5 describes the experiment setup, defines the evaluation metrics used for the performance comparison, and discusses the experimental results. In section 6, conclusions and perspectives are given. Compressive sensing exploits the sparsity and compresses a k-sparse signal by multiplying it by a measurement matrix where. The resulting vector    is called the measurement vector. If the signal is not sparse, a simple projection of this signal on a suitable basis, can make it sparse i.e. where. The sparse recovery process aims at recovering the sparse signal given the measurement matrix and the vector of measurements. Thus, the sparse recovery problem, which is an undetermined system of linear equations, can be stated as: (1) Where is the, is a sparse signal in the basis , is the measurement matrix, and   is the set of measurements. For the next of this paper, we consider that the signals are sparse i.e. and . The problem (1) then can be written as: (2) This problem is an NP-hard problem; it cannot be solved in practice. Instead, its convex relaxation is considered by replacing the by the . Thus, this sparse recovery problem can be stated as: (3) Where is the -norm, is the k-parse signal, the measurement matrix and is the set of measurements. Having the solution of problem (3) is guaranteed as soon as the measurement matrix has a small mutual coherence or satisfies RIP of order. Definition 1: The coherence measures the maximum correlation between any two columns of the measurement matrix . If is a matrix with normalized column vector , each is of unit length. Then the mutual coherence Constant (MIC) is defined as: (4) Compressive sensing is concerned with matrices that have low coherence, which means that a few samples are required for a perfect recovery of the sparse signal. Definition 2: A measurement matrix satisfies the Restricted Isometry Property if there exist a constant such as: (5) Where is the and is called the Restricted Isometry Constant (RIC) of which should be much smaller than 1. As shown in the Fig .2, measurement matrices can be classified into two main categories: random and deterministic. Matrices of the first category are generated at random, easy to construct, and satisfy the RIP with a high probability. Random matrices are of two types: unstructured and structured. Matrices of the unstructured random type are generated at random following a given distribution. For example, Gaussian, Bernoulli, and Uniform are unstructured random type matrices that are generated following Gaussian, Bernoulli, and Uniform distribution, respectively. Matrices of the second type, structured random, their entries are generated following a given function or specific structure. Then the randomness comes into play by selecting random rows from the generated matrix. Examples of structured random matrices are the Random Partial Fourier and the Random Partial Hadamard matrices. Matrices of the second category, deterministic, are highly desirable because they are constructed deter ministically to satisfy the RIP or to have a small mutual coherence. Deterministic matrices are also of two types: semi-deterministic and full-deterministic. The generation of semi-deterministic type matrices are done in two steps: the first step consists of the generation of the entries of the first column randomly and the second step generates the entries of the rest of the columns of this matrix based on the first column by applying a simple transformation on it such as shifting the element of the first columns. Examples of these matrices include Circulant and Toeplitz matrices [24]. Full-deterministic matrices have a pure deterministic construction. Binary BCH, second-order Reed-Solomon, Chirp sensing, and quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check code (QC-LDPC) matrices are examples of full-deterministic type matrices. Based on the classification provided in the previous section, eight measurement matrices were implemented: two from each category with two from each type. The following matrices were implemented: Gaussian and Bernoulli measurement matrices from the structured random type, random partial Fourier and Hadamard measurement matrices from the unstructured random type, Toeplitz and Circulant measurement matrices from the semi-deterministic type, and finally Chirp and Binary BCH measurement matrices from the full-deterministic type. In the following, the mathematical model of each of these eight measurement matrices is described. A. Random Measurement Matrices Random matrices are generated by identical or independent distributions such as normal, Bernoulli, and random Fourier ensembles. These random matrices are of two types: unstructured and structured measurement random matrices. 1) Unstructured random type matrices Unstructured random type measurement matrices are generated randomly following a given distribution. The generated matrix is of size . Then M rows is randomly selected from N. Examples of this type of matrices include Gaussian, Bernoulli, and Uniform. In this work, we selected the Random Gaussian and Random Bernoulli matrix for the implementation. The mathematical model of each of these two measurement matrices is given below. a) Random Gaussian matrix The entries of a Gaussian matrix are independent and follow a normal distribution with expectation 0 and variance. The probability density function of a normal distribution is: (6) Where is the mean or the expectation of the distribution, is the standard deviation, and is the variance. This random Gaussian matrix satisfies the RIP with probability at least given that the sparsity satisfy the following formula: (7) Where is the sparsity of the signal, is the number of measurements, and is the length of the sparse signal [36]. b) Random Bernoulli matrix A random Bernoulli matrix is a matrix whose entries take the value or with equal probabilities. It, therefore, follows a Bernoulli distribution which has two possible outcomes labeled by n=0 and n=1.   The outcome n=1 occurs with the probability p=1/2 and n=0 occurs with the probability q=1-p=1/2. Thus, the probability density function is: (8) The Random Bernoulli matrix satisfies the RIP with the same probability as the Random Gaussian matrix [36]. 2) Structured Random Type matrices The Gaussian or other unstructured matrices have the disadvantage of being slow; thus, large-scale problems are not practicable with Gaussian or Bernoulli matrices. Even the implementation in term of hardware of an unstructured matrix is more difficult and requires significant space memory space. On the other hand, random structured matrices are generated following a given structure, which reduce the randomness, memory storage, and processing time. Two structured matrices are selected to be implemented in this work: Random Partial Fourier and Partial Hadamard matrix. The mathematical model of each of these two measurement matrices is described below: a) Random Partial Fourier matrix The Discrete Fourier matrix is a matrix whose entry is given by the equation: (9) Where. Random Partial Fourier matrix which consists of choosing random M rows of the Discrete Fourier matrix satisfies the RIP with a probability of at least , if: (10) Where M is the number of measurements, K is the sparsity, and N is the length of the sparse signal [36]. b) Random Partial Hadamard matrix The Hadamard measurement matrix is a matrix whose entries are 1 and -1. The columns of this matrix are orthogonal. Given a matrix H of order n, H is said to be a Hadamard matrix if the transpose of the matrix H is closely related to its inverse. This can be expressed by: (11) Where is the identity matrix, is the transpose of the matrix. The Random Partial Hadamard matrix consists of taking random rows from the Hadamard matrix. This measurement matrix satisfies the RIP with probability at least provided    with and as positive constants, K is the sparsity of the signal, N is its length and M is the number of measurements [35]. B. Deterministic measurement matrices Deterministic measurement matrices are matrices that are designed following a deterministic construction to satisfy the RIP or to have a low mutual coherence. Several deterministic measurement matrices have been proposed to solve the problems of the random matrices. These matrices are of two types as mentioned in the previous section: semi-deterministic and full-deterministic. In the following, we investigate and present matrices from both types in terms of coherence and RIP. 1) Semi-deterministic type matrices To generate a semi-deterministic type measurement matrix, two steps are required. The first step is randomly generating the first columns and the second step is generating the full matrix by applying a simple transformation on the first column such as a rotation to generate each row of the matrix. Examples of matrices of this type are the Circulant and Toeplitz matrices. In the following, the mathematical models of these two measurement matrices are given. a) Circulant matrix For a given vector, its associated circulant matrix whose entry is given by: (11) Where. Thus, Circulant matrix has the following form: C= If we choose a random subset of cardinality, then the partial circulant submatrix that consists of the rows indexed by achieves the RIP with high probability given that: (12) Where is the length of the sparse signal and its sparsity [34]. b) Toeplitz matrix The Toeplitz matrix, which is associated to a vector    whose entry is given by: (13) Where. The Toeplitz matrix is a Circulant matrix with a constant diagonal i.e. .   Thus, the Toeplitz matrix has the following form: T= If we randomly select a subset of cardinality , the Restricted Isometry Constant of the Toeplitz matrix restricted to the rows indexed by the set S satisfies with a high probability provided (14) Where is the sparsity of the signal and is its length [34]. 2) Full-deterministic type matrices Full-deterministic type matrices are matrices that have pure deterministic constructions based on the mutual coherence or on the RIP property. In the following, two examples of deterministic construction of measurements matrices are given which are the Chirp and Binary Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes matrices. a) Chirp Sensing Matrices The Chirp Sensing matrices are matrices their columns are given by the chirp signal. A discrete chirp signal of length à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ¡ has the form:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (15) The full chirp measurement matrix can be written as: (16) Where is an matrix with columns are given by the chirp signals with a fixed and base frequency   values that vary from 0 to m-1. To illustrate this process, let us assume that and Given , The full chirp matrix is as follows: In order to calculate, the matrices and should be calculated. Using the chirp signal, the entries of these matrices are calculated and given as: ; Thus, we get the chirp measurement matrix as: Given that is a -sparse signal with chirp code measurements and is the length of the chirp code. If (17) then is the unique solution to the sparse recovery algorithms. The complexity of the computation of the chirp measurement matrix is. The main limitation of this matrix is the restriction of the number of measurements to    [29]. b) Binary BCH matrices Let denote as a divisor of for some integer an

The Guilt of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay -- William Shakespeare

The Guilt of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Guilt is a very strong and uncomfortable feeling that often results from one’s own actions. This strong emotion is one of the theme ideas in William Shakespeare, â€Å"Macbeth†. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth feel guilt, but they react in different ways. Guilt hardens Macbeth, but cause Lady Macbeth to commit suicide. As Macbeth shrives to success guilt overcome’s Macbeth where he can no longer think straight. Initially Macbeth planned was to kill Duncan but it wasn’t enough he also had to kill Banquo and Macduff’s family. On the other hand Lady Macbeth had to call upon the weird sister to unsexed her so she had no true feeling towards anything as if she was a man. However, the true guilt of the murder can fall on either Lady Macbeth or Macbeth. Perhaps one of the strongest obvious evidence that show guilt, is how it affects lady Macbeth, how she couldn’t handle it any longer, and that was the reason of her death. Lady Macbeth realizes that nothing could ever get rid of the smell of the blood and the guilt caused by all the murders committed by Macbeth. â€Å"Here’s is the smell of blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. O, O, O!’’, (V, I, 53-55) It’s also shown here that she feels responsible for every person her Husband killed. The guilt of Duncan's murder can be placed firmly on the hand on Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth wants the murder of Duncan for her own gains. Given the present situation, she is hungry for power. The weird sisters predicted that Macbeth would be king. This means that the obvious result would be Lady Macbeth will be queen. Instead of waiting for Duncan to die naturally or to be killed by someone else, she forces the task onto Ma cbeth. .. ...d her children be murdered. As Macduff reaches England he hears the news and grief and vow revenge upon Macbeth. Although the tragic hero Macbeth physically committed the crime, it was Lady Macbeth that pushed him to his limits of rational thought and essentially made fun of him to lower his esteem. With Macbeth's defenses down, it was an easy task for Lady Macbeth to influence Duncan's murder and make up an excuse as to why she could not do it herself. The Quotes and explanations used throughout this essay, built up proof that guilt plays a large role in motivating Macbeth. Guilty feelings were brought out through the character’s actions and responses, until the very fatal end were they wishes none of all this ever happened. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.

The Baggage I Left Behind

People often become attached to the kind of life they are used to living. The memoir shows people how moving forward would mean heartache for others. This memoir was written to remind everyone that the people we meet in our lives contribute to whom we are today.The life-changing experiences included in this memoir have been grafted from the life of an extraordinary individual, who has given life a second chance. Although location once became a hindrance, the author was able to show the readers that it was never too late to rise up and correct the mistakes in the past.The memoir follows a journal style, wherein thoughts have been incorporated according to how they were perceived. Chapters were omitted on purpose to give the readers a light feeling when browsing through the text. Real pictures were also incorporated in the memoir to give the readers an idea of how the author lived. This also exhibits a more personal touch from the author to the readers.The contents of memoir are based from the experiences of the author sometime in her early life. These were included to show the readers that all people are born equal. Each have the right to love, hurt, and accept the things that are happening around us.  The Baggage I Left BehindI have always believed that my life was extraordinary. I did things that normal teenagers my age would do and socializing with other people was never a problem for me either. I had friends in school, and in the neighborhood, who contributed to the wonderful memories I had in my youth.I lived my life the way I wanted to. I was free to do the things that I wanted and I had friends who always came to my aid. Academics were never a problem for me, for I always had the drive to work hard and someday excel in my chosen field. Things were falling into place, until my father broke the news to us.When I was in junior year, my father told us about his decision to move to the United States. The news was heartbreaking, for this meant that I would no t be seeing my father for a long time. I tried to keep my emotions intact, but my father explained to us that it was for the best.He also said that he may be able to provide more for our needs if he earned more money. Although we were not in favor of this decision, we allowed our father to leave. Soon, he was on his flight to the United States.The emotional dilemma started when my father was starting to settle in the United States. I was closer to my father than my brother was. I was lonely most of the time because my father has always been a big piece of my life.We did things together and this was the first time that we were separated. My father called every once in a while, but this was not enough to make me feel that he was safe. After all, he was seven thousand miles away from me.The time came when my father became preoccupied with work. He started to miss calls, until he never called us at all. We were all worried because my father an illness. We did not know how he was, and wh at he was doing. My mother and I would have sleepless nights thinking of how my father was, and gave numerous prayers to guarantee his safety.Finally, we received news from one of his friends saying that my father was alright. He was just busy with work, so that he may be able to earn much money for us. The friend also said that my father wanted us to know that after my high school graduation, the rest of the family was also leaving the NAME OF COUNTRY to join him in the United States.I was left in awe upon hearing the news. I had mixed emotions that I could not contain inside my body. I did not know what to feel and how to react with this drastic change in our lives. At the same time, I was excited because it has been months since I last saw my father, but I was also gloomy.I have lived in NAME OF COUNTRY all my life, and moving to a new environment would be difficult from my end. I had to learn to adapt a new culture and reach out and meet new friends. I had mixed emotions towards this new endeavor. The hardest part for me was to accept the fact that my blissful life in NAME OF COUNTRY was about to end.

Content Audit Template How To Improve Your Content - CoSchedule

Content Audit Template How To Improve Your Content Here’s a common situation: You’re creating lots of content. You pour your heart and soul into creating stuff you think your audience will find extremely useful. So†¦ how is that content working out for you? Content audits are a perfect way to help you understand what’s working- and what you can improve- to get the results you need from your content. Is It The Best? Improve Your Content With An Audit Template.Plus, it’ll only take a day or two to complete your content audit with this template. If you’ve got a 50-page website, use this content audit template to complete the job in less than four hours. Have a 1,500-page site? Give yourself two days. The Basic Elements Of This 3-Step Content Audit Template These are the three components of a successful content audit: Discover what content worked. Figure out a way to improve your content. Make a plan to optimize, create and promote your content for the next 6–12 months. Step 1: Figure Out What Content Worked Using The Pareto Principle Start with the 80/20 Rule. The 80/20 Rule, a.k.a. â€Å"The Pareto Principle†, suggests that 80% of your results come from 20% of your efforts. To apply the 80/20 rule to your content audit, find which 20% of your content creates 80% of your results. For example, if you want to generate more website traffic, then determine which 20% of your website pages generate 80% of your traffic. Content Audit Template How To Improve Your Content Here’s a common situation: You’re creating lots of content. You pour your heart and soul into creating stuff you think your audience will find extremely useful. So†¦ how is that content working out for you? Content audits are a perfect way to help you understand what’s working- and what you can improve- to get the results you need from your content. Is It The Best? Improve Your Content With An Audit Template.Plus, it’ll only take a day or two to complete your content audit with this template. If you’ve got a 50-page website, use this content audit template to complete the job in less than four hours. Have a 1,500-page site? Give yourself two days. The Basic Elements Of This 3-Step Content Audit Template These are the three components of a successful content audit: Discover what content worked. Figure out a way to improve your content. Make a plan to optimize, create and promote your content for the next 6–12 months. Step 1: Figure Out What Content Worked Using The Pareto Principle Start with the 80/20 Rule. The 80/20 Rule, a.k.a. â€Å"The Pareto Principle†, suggests that 80% of your results come from 20% of your efforts. To apply the 80/20 rule to your content audit, find which 20% of your content creates 80% of your results. For example, if you want to generate more website traffic, then determine which 20% of your website pages generate 80% of your traffic.

Free Essays on Absolute Monarchy

An absolute monarchy is a form of government where the ruler has the power to rule their country and citizens freely with out any laws or legally organized opposition telling the monarchy what to do, although some religious authority may be able to influence the monarch. Basically an absolute monarch has total power over its people and land which includes the aristocracy. The political theory which forms the basis of absolute monarchy was that the monarch held their position by the grace of God and was therefore not answerable to anyone but God. Absolute monarchy developed in the late Middle Ages from feudalism during which monarchs were still first among the nobility. The power of the monarch is limited by the need to have some measure of support by the aristocracy. The aristocracy would be subordinate to the monarchy, provide political and military support for the monarchy, yet may also, from time to time, challenge its authority. Much of the attraction of absolute monarchy in the Middle Ages was that it promised an end to civil wars, could put an end to corruption by the aristocracy, and restore attention to the Church's moral codes. The political thought of the Enlightenment was influenced by philosophers such as Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, and Jacques-Benigne Bossuet. Jean Bodin was a French Renaissance philosopher and one of the first thinkers to defend absolutism. He wrote Six livres de la RÃ ¨publique in 1576 (Six Books of the Republic). He argued how Kings should be given the right to rule over everyone of his subjects and the political institutions they had by unrestrained laws. However, he also limited the power by saying rulers should be held by social customs and natural law. Thomas Hobbes believed in the theory of absulte monarchy. Thomas had lived through the English civil wars and the execution of Charles I in 1649 which had strengthened his resolve that absolutism was the most logical and desirable... Free Essays on Absolute Monarchy Free Essays on Absolute Monarchy An absolute monarchy is a form of government where the ruler has the power to rule their country and citizens freely with out any laws or legally organized opposition telling the monarchy what to do, although some religious authority may be able to influence the monarch. Basically an absolute monarch has total power over its people and land which includes the aristocracy. The political theory which forms the basis of absolute monarchy was that the monarch held their position by the grace of God and was therefore not answerable to anyone but God. Absolute monarchy developed in the late Middle Ages from feudalism during which monarchs were still first among the nobility. The power of the monarch is limited by the need to have some measure of support by the aristocracy. The aristocracy would be subordinate to the monarchy, provide political and military support for the monarchy, yet may also, from time to time, challenge its authority. Much of the attraction of absolute monarchy in the Middle Ages was that it promised an end to civil wars, could put an end to corruption by the aristocracy, and restore attention to the Church's moral codes. The political thought of the Enlightenment was influenced by philosophers such as Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, and Jacques-Benigne Bossuet. Jean Bodin was a French Renaissance philosopher and one of the first thinkers to defend absolutism. He wrote Six livres de la RÃ ¨publique in 1576 (Six Books of the Republic). He argued how Kings should be given the right to rule over everyone of his subjects and the political institutions they had by unrestrained laws. However, he also limited the power by saying rulers should be held by social customs and natural law. Thomas Hobbes believed in the theory of absulte monarchy. Thomas had lived through the English civil wars and the execution of Charles I in 1649 which had strengthened his resolve that absolutism was the most logical and desirable...

Current Entrepreneurship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Current Entrepreneurship - Research Paper Example Academic programs have been instituted, which equips scholars just with the management knowledge, who eventually assume daily operations in business corporations. An entrepreneur is an initiator, while entrepreneurship accommodates any private or public organization, or individual, with the potential to respond to ever changing demands, utilizes new technologies and produces additional value from the assets at disposal, also entailing the need to motivate the continual phenomena of natural entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs seek to utilize their ideas by introducing new means of meeting demands, or changing existing means of commodity delivery in order to add value. Primarily, an entrepreneur carries out varying activities including adopting innovative means of addressing socially related problems; seeking to challenge traditional manner of working; incorporating ideas, people, and resources so as to integrate change; spotting business opportunities and optimizing on resources which are under utilised and taking uncertainties and risks; as well as responding to an issue with clarity over the outcome right in mind. Entrepreneurship involves people who have new ideas, consistently accompanied by a purposeful search of resources and assets. Entrepreneurs engage in discovery as well as they exploit opportunities with an aim of creating value through meeting the needs which were previously unmet; they also strive for better ways of delivering current commodities (products and services). In order for entrepreneurship to be successful, effort tem is thus required. This may start with a leader who is a dynamic individual, and wants to institute change in the current business processes. In entrepreneurship, skills and... This research aims to evaluate and present entrepreneurship that involves people who have new ideas, consistently accompanied by a purposeful search of resources and assets. Entrepreneurs engage in discovery as well as they exploit opportunities with an aim of creating value through meeting the needs which were previously unmet; they also strive for better ways of delivering current commodities (products and services). In order for entrepreneurship to be successful, effort tem is thus required. This may start with a leader who is a dynamic individual, and wants to institute change in the current business processes. The scope of entrepreneurship therefore covers the goals set - which run the organization, as well as the entrepreneurial approach of achieving such goals. In economic development, the role of entrepreneurship entails more than just accumulating per capital income and output; it entails initiation and constitution of change in the business structure, the economy as well as society. The referred change is followed by growth of premise and increased income, which permits more wealth to be shared amongst various participants. Entrepreneurship has been acknowledged as a major tool to help bridge the gap between science and the business market although entrepreneurs faced challenges of lack of managerial skills necessary for running their businesses. Although entrepreneurs face a lot of difficulties, entrepreneurship holds the most effective means of commercializing innovations, forming new enterprises, as well as introducing new commodities to the market.

Case study - Physiological responses in cross-country sprint skiing; a

- Physiological responses in cross-country sprint skiing; a in regulation, control and homeostasis. (1500 words) - Case Study Example One of the changes that promote greater oxygen diffusion is the contraction of the muscles takes a lot of oxygen because the oxygen is needed to replace Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) that has undergone the process of hydrolysis at the time relaxation of muscles. Therefore, relaxation of muscles is essential because it leads to increase the supply of blood for metabolisms. Another change is the vascular resistance of the skeletal muscles. The resistance of skeletal muscles leads to build up of pressure in the arteries. There is buildup of pressure is due to the narrowing down of the diameter of the arteries, thus leading to increased heartbeat. There are several capillaries around the cardiac muscles; therefore when there is resistance to the flow of the blood, the diffusion distance is also reduced. The reduced distance for the diffusion in turn affects the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. Buffering agents reverse the hydrogen ion that reduces the PH and maintain it b etween 7.38 and 7.42 which is a neutral Potential Hydrogen. There are extracellular buffer agent and the intracellular buffer agents. The extra cellular buffers are like bicarbonates and ammonia while the intracellular buffers are like proteins and phosphates. Moreover, the kidney can also work by eliminating the toxic substances that accumulate in the body tissues but in the case of thorough exercise it may not be efficient. In addition, renal physiology is active in maintaining the level of PH in the body. In a way of responding to the low PH or the acidity, the tube-like cells reabsorb bicarbonate from the fluids that flows in the body tube. The tubular cells are in the linings of tubes like the collecting duct. Again the collecting duct has cells those secrets a lot of hydrogen ions thus manufacturing a lot of bicarbonates, a process known as ammonia genesis. The process leads to the formation of ammonia buffer. The air temperature during the race is 8 C, which