Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas

Name John Kindley Class GH AP Y (Even) Date November 3rd, 2012 Chapter 12, Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, two hundred 1500 Pages 306 331 Classic- while Culture and Society in Mesoamerica, 200 900 * Remarkable civilization created * unalike language + politics, but integrate by material culture, religious beliefs + practices, and affectionate organize Classic Period * Classic period (built upon Olmec and former(a) civilizations) * accessible classes with distinct roles * Hereditary politics + religious selecteds controlled towns + villages Teotihuacan * Powerful city- evidence in important Mexico (100 B. C. E. 750 C. E. ) Religion * Religion = worshipped legion(predicate) gods + lesser spirits, Sun + dream * Human sacrifice = viewed as sacred duty to the gods and essential to the benefit of conjunction Farming * Chinampas = raised fields along lakeshores to increase agriculture Politics * No evidence for single convention alliances between elite f amilies The MayaLocation * Maya = civilization concentrated in the Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, and Honduras, but never unified * Contributed mainly in math, astronomy, and the calendar * High pyramids + palaces = meant to awe the masses that came laurel wreath * Maya = loved decoration * Inf single-valued functiond warfare with religious meaning * Society = business organisational Contributions * Devised elaborate calendar system, concept of 0, and writing End of Classic Era * Maya cities declined due to struggle for resources, which lead to class conflict and warfare * union with the Mesoamerican societies due to learning more or less the Aztecs in grade 8 * Have visited Mayan cities in Mexico, and have seen temples in real life * capitulum didnt the Arabs develop the concept of 0? The Postclassic Period in Mesoamerica, 900 1500 * No single explanation for fall of Teotihuacan and Mayan centers The Toltecs * Powerful postclassic empire in substitutio n Mexico (900 1175 C. E. ) Origins * Origins = unknown (either satellite or migrant populations) * employ legions triumph to create partful empireReason for decline * Fell by internal power struggles and military threat from the north The Aztecs * Altepetl = ethnic state in ancient Mesoamerica that was the common political structure block of that area Society + Politics * Calpolli = crowd of up to hundred families that served as a building block of an altepetl (controlled land allocation + revenue enhancementes + local religious life) * Tenochtitlan = great of Aztec Empire in an island in lake Texcoco Mexico City created on ruins of Tenochtitlan * Aztecs = AKA Mexica, created empire (1325 1521 C. E. ) * Aztecs squeeze defeated peoples to provide goods + labor as tax Aztec Women * Women = held lots of power held in high esteem held positions like teachers and priestesses seen as founders of lineages, including the royal line * Merchants become rich, but cannot become high nobility Economic systems * auspices system = system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay tax in forms of goods and labor armed service development of large ities * Did not use money utilise barter instead * Aztec religion = demanded increasing number of human sacrifice * Connection to Aztecs as I learned about them in grade 8 * Noted the familiarities between the Mesoamerican societies, which as well had distinct differences as well Northern Peoples * Classic period ends more or less 900 C. E. * Transfer of irrigation and corn agriculture -> stimulated development in Hohokam and Anasazi society Southwestern Desert Cultures * Anasazi = important culture in southwest US (700 1300 C.E. ) * Anasazi built multistory residences, and worshipped in subterranean buildings (called kivas) Anasazi women * Women = shared country tasks, specialists in many crafts, responsible for food preparation and childcare Anasazi share * Anasazi = concentrate in Four Corners region Mound Builders The Hopewell and Mississippian Cultures Political structure * Chiefdom = form of political organization ruled by hereditary leader (Chiefdom) who had control over collection of villages + towns base on gift loose and commercial links * Political organization + trade + mound building continued by the Mississippian culture (largest city = Cahokia) Ansazi + * Environmental changes caused destruction of Anasazi + Mississippian Mississippian cultures chasten Andean Civilizations, 200 1500 * Environment = sucks for creating civilization * Amerindian peoples of Andean = catchd some of the roughly socially complex + politically advanced societies in Western cerebral hemisphere Cultural Response to Environmental ChallengeHow they adapted * Domestication of llamas and alpacas * Farmed at different altitudes to reduce risks from frosts Social + political * Ayllu = Andean lineage group or kin-based community groups * Ayllu = foundatio n for Andean achievement members = obligated to help fellow members (thought as brothers and sisters) * Mita = Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations Gender distinction * Men = hunting, military service, government * Women = textile production, agriculture, photographic plate Harsh climates of Andean civilizations = similar to harsh environment of North American settlers * Anasazi + Mississippian culture = one of few civilizations that did not fall due to outdoor(a) pressures Moche * Moche = civilization of north coast of Peru (200 700 C. E. ) * Built extensive irrigation networks + impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples Political + social * Did not establish form-only(prenominal) empire nor unified political structure structure * Moche society = theocratic + stratified priests + military leaders had concentrated wealth + power sort out of Moche * Moche centers declined due to long-term climate changes * Wari = new military power, culturally conjugated to Tiwanaku * Wari contributed to the disappearance of the Moche Tiwanaku and Wari * Tiwanaku = name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375 1000 C. E. ) * Llamas = crucial for charge of long-distance trade relations * High quality of stone masonry * tell apart society ruled by a hereditary elite * Used military to extend their power over large religions The Inca * Largest and most tendinous Andean empire (Cuzco = capital) * Initially a chiefdom -> turned in to military expansion in 1430s * Inca prosperity depended on vast herds of llamas + alpacas * Hereditary chiefs of ayllus include women * Had hostage taking system for politics * Each new ruler began his reign with conquest (legitimize authority) * Khipus = system of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information * Did not produce new t echnologies increased economic output * Civil war slashed the Inca on the eve of European arrival * Noticed that primary gods for many societies were Sun gods and agricultural gods * Pressures from inside took out the Inca society similar to other societies * Khipus = similar to the one that Aztecs used